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The general rule in the Korean civil procedure system is that the unsuccessful party to a court action will be ordered to pay the costs of the successful party; in other words, whoever loses the case is required to pay its own costs and the costs of the other side.The situation contrasts with that in the U.S. where legal fees may be sought only if the parties agree by contract before the litigation, or if some special act or statute allows the successful party to seek such fees, the American rule. Unlike the American Rule of Costs, Korean law generally requires the loser to reimburse the winner for court costs and attorney fees up to the statutory limit.It is sometimes pointed out that litigation cost hinders access to justice by increasing the risks of litigation, both by setting up the risk of having to pay both parties' costs in the event of losing.This paper reviews the rules and principles governing the costs of civil litigation and makes recommendations in order to promote access to justice at proportionate cost.

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The collection lawsuit and the subrogation lawsuit of creditors are structurally similar in that they exercise the debtor's rights against the third debtor in the creditor's position. In particular, in the case of a so-called “direct payment” creditor subrogation lawsuit, which has a preferential repayment effect by directly receiving money from a third debtor and offsetting the debtor's return and preserved bonds, it functions similar to a collection lawsuit for the satisfaction of an executive creditor. In addition, if the debtor knows the fact in any circumstances when a lawsuit by subrogation of creditors is filed, the debtor cannot counter the disposition of his rights to the creditor under Article 405 (2) of the Civil Act, which is similar to the effect of the seizure order on the debtor.
 However, the above two types of litigation reveal significant differences in the status of the legal system, origin of the system, purpose of the system, eligibility of parties, and prohibition of disposition, and considering these differences, attempts to easily apply or infer one legal principle to the other should be avoided.
 The target judgment comprehensively reviewed the principle of relativity of res judicata under the Civil Procedure Act, the interpretation of provisions on collection lawsuits under the Civil Execution Act, and the degree of legal risk that third debtors can face.
 As a result, the Supreme Court reached a different conclusion from the attitude of existing precedents on subrogation of creditors regarding the subjective scope of the final judgment of collection litigation, so it is reasonable and valid in terms of the discrimination between the collection litigation and subrogation litigation.
 In resolving issues such as prohibition of double lawsuit, co-litigation, etc., related to the subjective scope of res judicata in the collection litigation revealed in the target judgment, it is necessary to distinguish from the existing legal principles on creditor subrogation litigation and seek an independent and appropriate interpretation consistent with collection litigation.

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Nuzi was not an important city in their time but a typical provincial town in Mesopotamia. However, the texts unearthed in Nuzi are the unique sources for the social and economic conditions of people in a given land and a short period of time, which shows the ordinary life in an ordinary town. By this ordinariness of Nuzi, we can be helped to see the dynamics of social and economic history of an ancient town in the Ancient Orient. Nuzi is known as a Hurrian society. According to the extant documents of Nuzi, Akkadian was the written language for Hurrian society, while Hurrian was used as the language of daily life. At Nuzi, various kinds of documents were found such as adoption contracts, sales documents, mortgage documents, letters, slavery documents, and lawsuit documents. Among the documents, there is no law code known to us, while their neighbor had them such as the Lipit-Ištar Lawcode, the Eshnunna Lawcode, the Code of Hammurabi, Middle Assyrian Laws, and the Hittite Laws. However, although there is no codification found at Nuzi, it is possible to understand their law system through the vast Nuzi documents, and here, it will be done by observing the cases of theft of animals which were one of important property in ancient times. Generally the texts relating to the theft in Nuzi appear in litigation texts which deal with the lawsuit in the court before the judges. Although we do not have the document which codifies the process of litigation, from the vast document dealing with lawsuits, it can be reconstructed fairly well. The typical court procedure in Nuzi is; (1) initiation of the lawsuit, (2) the evidence by witnesses, (3) securing the evidence by a religious action (or an ordeal), (4) decision, (5) imposition of penalties, (6) seals, (7) appendix. Also the penalties relating to animal larcenies can be summarized as follows: (1) In cases of stealing large animals such as oxen and horses, twofold restitution was imposed. (2) In cases of misappropriation of large animals, the culprit should restore the animals. (3) In cases of stealing small animals such as sheep and goats, the penalty was imposed twelve fold. (4) If the defendant failed to follow the order of the court, the penalty can be doubled. Based on the observations above, the laws of Nuzi relating to the theft are more generous than corresponding laws of their neighbors, e.g. the Code of Hammurabi, which frequently requires the death and, sometimes, mutilation of the thief. Considering idealistic and propagandistic features of the Assyrian Lawcodes, it will be more plausible that the cases of Nuzi show the realistic application of laws in the court of the Ancient Orient.

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