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The properties of surimi gel from Olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus were evaluated with addition of various food additives and by heating under different conditions. The optimum heating conditions for get good textured surimi gel from Olive flounder was 40 minutes at $85^{\circ}C$. Optimum texture characteristics such as hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness, gumminess and gel strength of olive flounder fish paste can be acquired by washing the paste 2 times and by adding sodium chloride (2.5%), sodium polyphosphate (0.3%) and starch (4%), respectively. Furthermore, we compared gel texture characteristics and strength of manufactured Olive flounder fish surimi with commercial Alaska pollack to determine their commercial applicability. Texture characteristics and gel strength of Olive flounder surimi were higher than those of the commercial Alaska pollack surimi. In addition, both lightness and whiteness were higher in surimi gel from Olive flounder than from the commercial Alaska pollack.
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To determine whether there are differences in the food component characteristics of the cultured recessive small-sized abalone Haliotis discus hannai (SA; 30-40 each/kg) and middle-sized abalone (MA; 10-15 each/kg), the proximate compositions, fatty acid and total amino acid compositions of these two species were evaluated. Additionally, extraction methods were performed on the SA to asses the quality characteristics of the resulting. In terms of proximate composition, MA had lower moisture and carbohydrate levels and higher crude protein contents than SA. The total amino acid contents of MA and SA were 15,734.4 and 11,379.1 mg/100 g, respectively, the major amino acids were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, serine, glycine, alanine, leucine, arginine and lysine, and the major fatty acids were 16:0, 18:0, 18:1n-9, 18:1n-7, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, and 22:5n-3. The pH levels and total nitrogen and amino nitrogen contents of the hot-water extract (WE) and scrap enzyme hydrolysate (SE) samples from the SA were 6.32 and 6.05, 1.36% and 1.52%, and 342.1 and 403.1 mg/100 g, respectively. The extraction yields and free amino acid contents from SA were 1,317 and 440 mL/kg, and 8,721.1 and 9,070.7 mg/100 g, respectively, and the concentrations of major components were as follows: arginine, glycine, glutamic acid, alanine and lysine. Additionally, the complex extract (WE+SE) was superior to the traditional extract (WE) in terms of extraction yield, amino-nitrogen content, and organoleptic qualities but not odor.
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The properties of surimi gel from Olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus were evaluated with addition of various food additives and by heating under different conditions. The optimum heating conditions for get good textured surimi gel from Olive flounder was 40 minutes at 85¡É. Optimum texture characteristics such as hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness, gumminess and gel strength of olive flounder fish paste can be acquired by washing the paste 2 times and by adding sodium chloride (2.5%), sodium polyphosphate (0.3%) and starch (4%), respectively. Furthermore, we compared gel texture characteristics and strength of manufactured Olive flounder fish surimi with commercial Alaska pollack to determine their commercial applicability. Texture characteristics and gel strength of Olive flounder surimi were higher than those of the commercial Alaska pollack surimi. In addition, both lightness and whiteness were higher in surimi gel from Olive flounder than from the commercial Alaska pollack.
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The cultivation of akoya pearls was caried out with bio bead nucleus prepared using the hydroxyapatite. Theakoya pearls cultured with bio bead nucleus were shown the color of cream. The luster and orient efect created by anaction of the light from nacre were magnificent. The result of XRD is found that the nacre is a calcium carbonate ofproperties of akoya pearls cultured with bio bead nucleus are same those of akoya pearl cultivated with bead nucleus madefrom washboard shell. Because of the bio bead nucleus developed in this study has such a high capacity in producingvarious sizes and shapes, it is very advantageous for the cultivation of akoya pearls
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Bastard halibut is the most popular fish in Korea as a sliced raw fish because of its specific texture and nutritional value. However, the annual bastard halibut harvest exceeds 40,922 M/T as aquaculture technique expanded, which is excessive amount as a sliced raw fish. In the sense, the distribution amount of bastard halibut as a sliced raw fish should be controlled by using as a source of seafood products, such as surimi and surimi gel. The objectives of the study was conducted to develop surimi and surimi seafood using unmarketable cultured bastard halibut. The study of the chapter 1 was attempted to investigate feasibility of unmarketable cultured bastard halibut as potential surimi and surimi gel resources. No differences in proximate composition between unmarketable bastard halibuts cultured in different regions, such as Jeju, Wando and Geoje, were found in significant difference at P<0.05. When compared to Alaska pollock muscle, all the unmarketable bastard halibut muscles were 4% higher in crude protein content, while were 5% lower in moisture content. The collagen content of bastard halibut muscle cultured in Jeju was 1.96 g/100g, which was higher compared to those cultured in the other regions. Regardless of cultured regions and pHs, the proteolytic activities of the crude extracts from unmarketable bastard halibut muscle according to substracts ranged from 0.30-0.48 U/mg on casein and Hb, 11.9-13.7 U/mg on LeuPNA, 5.6-6.7 U/mg on ArgPNA, 2.8-4.7 U/mg on SAAPFNA and 0.1-0.2 U/mg for BAPNA. The mercury and lead of all the unmarketable bastard halibut muscles were not detected except for lead in that cultured in Geoje. The gel strengths of surimi gels from the unmarketable bastard halibuts cultured in Jeju, Geoje and Wando were 1059 gxcm, 988 gxcm and 900 gxcm, respectively. The gel strength of surimi gel from the unmarketable bastard halibut cultured in Jeju was superior to that from commercial Alaska pollock surimi, which was grade SA. No differences in proximate composition between cultured bastard halibuts with different fish weights (light weight, 400-500 g; LBH, medium weight, 600-800 g; MBH and heavy weight, more than 1,000 g; HBH) were found at P<0.05. When compared to Alaska pollock muscle, all the bastard halibut muscles were 4% higher in crude protein content, while were 6% lower in moisture content. The collagen content of bastard halibut muscle with light weight (LBH) was 1.58 g/100g, which was low or was no difference compared to those of bastard halibut muscle with the other fish weights. Regardless of fish weights and pHs, the proteolytic activities of the crude fish extracts from according to substracts ranged from 0.34-0.48 U/mg on casein and Hb, 11.0-12.7 U/mg on LeuPNA, 5.2-6.1 U/mg on ArgPNA, 2.3-2.9 U/mg on SAAPFNA and 0.1-0.2 U/mg for BAPNA. The yield of surimi gel from LBH was 24.4%, which was lower than that of surimi gel from HBH, while was similar to that of surimi gel from MBH. The gel strength of surimi gel from LBH was lower than that of of surimi gel from MBH, while was similar to that of surimi gel from HBH. The gel strength of surimi gel from LBH was also superior to that from commercial Alaska pollock surimi with grade SA. The moisture and crude protein contents of unmarketable cultured bastard halibut (UCBH) harvested in July and January were more than 78% and less than 19%, respectively, which were higher in the moisture content than those harvested in May, March and September, while were lower in the crude protein content. Regardless of harvested periods, all the UCBHs were also higher in the crude protein content than Alaska pollock, which were the largest fishery biomass used for surimi and surimi gel, while were lower in the moisture content. Regardless of harvested periods, the proteolytic activities of the crude extracts from UCBH muscle according to substracts ranged from 0.31-0.59 U/mg on casein (pH 6.0 and 9.0), 11.7-12.7 U/mg on LeuPNA. The enzymatic activities suggested that the autolytic enzymes could not be affected on gel forming. The gel strength was the highest in surimi gel prepared with UCBH harvested in September, November and January, followed by that prepared with UCBH harvested in March and May and that prepared with UCBH harvested in July in the order. When compared to gel strength of commercial Alaska pollock surimi of grade SA, the gel strengths of surimi gels prepared with UCBH harvested in March, May, September, November and January were superior, and that of surimi gels prepared with UCBH harvested in July was similar. The study of the chapter 2 was attempted to investigate optimal conditions for preparing high quality surimi gel from unmarketable cultured bastard halibut. According to the results of the endogenous enzyme activity and the processing conditions, the high quality surimi gel from unmarketable cultured bastard halibut could be prepared by mixing 3.0% (w/w) salt, 2.4% (w/w) starch, 5.0% (w/w) egg white, 4.8% (w/w) ice water, 0.2% (w/w) phosphate, 2.0% (w/w) crab extracts and 1.0% (w/w) crab flavor based on the surimi in a Stephan mixer, exhausting with vacuum packer, stuffing with a stuffer. setting at 5¡É for 24 hr and heating in boiling water for 30 min before cooling for 30 min. The gel strength of the surimi gel from unmarketable cultured bastard halibut was 1,257 gxcm, which was 33% higher than commercial surimi gel from Alaska pollock, grade SA. The study of the chapter 3 was attempted to evaluate physicochemical properties of surimi gel from unmarketable cultured bastard halibut. The yield of surimi from unmarketable cultured bastard halibut (SBH) was 36% based on the weight of whole fish, which was higher than that of surimi from Alaska pollock. The moisture and protein contents of SBH gel were 72.9% and 20.2%, respectively, which were 3.0% and 3.6%, respectively, higher than those of commercial surimi gel from Alaska pollock. The gel strength of SBH gel was 1,257 gxcm, which was 27% higher than that of gel from commercial surimi in this experiment, and 22-72% higher than those of commercial high quality surimi gel. The whiteness of SBH gel was 24.61, which was higher than those of commercial high quality surimi gel, B and C, while no difference was found compared to that of commercial high quality surimi gel, A. According to the results of sensory evaluation, SBH gel was superior in the texture compared with gel from commercial Alaska pollock surimi, grade SA, while no difference in the whiteness was found. The SBH gel was also superior in the nutritional characterization evaluated by total amino acid, calcium and phosphorus contents to commercial high quality surimi gel.
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In order to improve the profitability of marine net cage farming, auto feeding system for raw trash fish was developed with consideration of even dispersion to increase the feed efficiency and swift progress to prevent the raw trash fish from natural deterioration. The system is comprised of 4 elements (raw trash fish introducer, pellet press, pellet conveyor and pellet scatterer) and installed on a vessel. Efficiency test for the system was carried out at D Fisheries in Koje, which turned out proper efficiency for the auto-feeder system: with a capacity of 3 ton/hr of capacity for pellet press and 9 ton for loading in a vessel. The system can control the feeding amount and the feeding frequency. The amount of raw trash fish consumed in D fisheries saved by 2,069 ton in 2003 and 2,498 ton in 2004, respectively. The labor cost also significantly decreased by 7 persons per 5 ha of cultural dimension -Considering the characteristics of labor market, the practical effect might be higher than the result-, which elucidate improvement of profitability in marine net cage farming.
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