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½¬Çø®´Â 1972³â¿¡ ¼³¸³µÈ ¼¼°è ÃÖ°íÀÇ Á¦¾È/ÀÔÂû Àü¹® ÄÁ¼³Æà ±â¾÷À¸·Î º»»ç´Â ¹Ì±¹ À¯Å¸ÀÇ ¼ÖÆ®·¹ÀÌÅ© ½ÃƼ¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Çѱ¹À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ 16°³±¹¿¡ Áö»ç¸¦ µÎ°í ÀÖ´Â ±Û·Î¹ú ÄÁ¼³Æà ±â¾÷ÀÌ´Ù. ½¬Çø®´Â 1988³â Á¦¾ÈÀü¹®°¡ ÇùȸÀÎ APMP(Association of Proposal Management Professionals, www.apmp.org)¸¦ ¼³¸³ÇÏ¿© Á¦¾È Àü¹®°¡µéÀÇ ±³·ù¸¦ À̲ø¾î ³»¾ú°í, Á¦¾ÈºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­´Â Bible·Î ÅëÇÏ´Â Proposal Guide, Capture Guide¸¦ ¹ßÇàÇÏ¿© Á¦¾ÈÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä ¹æ¹ý·Ð°ú ¿ø¸®µéÀ» °øÀ¯ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. °í°´»ç·Î´Â Lockheed Martin, ATK, Boeing, EADS, L3, Raytheon, Northrop Grumman µîÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç(Æ÷ÃáÁö ¼±Á¤ ¹æ»êºÐ¾ß Top 25°³ ±â¾÷ Áß 23°³) ÀÌµé ±â¾÷µéÀº ÇöÀç ½¬Çø®¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¸¹Àº »ç¾÷µéÀ» ¼öÁÖÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

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This study aimed to seek for effective strategies for proposal writing programs using action learning. For the purpose, this study examined action learning theoretically and designed an efficient teaching and learning program for proposal writing as an action learning method. Then, the program was applied for actual teaching and learning to seek for learning effects and develop suggestions. As a results of analysing the case and results of the survey, it was discovered that the proposal writing program model developed in this study was effective and the followings were suggested: First, when an action learning was applied for the ¡®Thinking and Expression¡¯ program, learners could have self-leading capability and problem-solving ability. Students had to plan field trip themselves and cooperate with team members to solve problems as subjects of the program even though they were guided by learning coaches. Second, students obtained knowledge relating to majors and information on fields through field activity. Therefore, field education may be insufficient in case when a teacher educate writing of several different genres like the program and actual learning can supplement insufficient field education. Third, success and failure of action learning program depends on substantiality of field activity, but if strategies to acquire learning effects after field education are not developed, learning effects may decrease. As action learning is a program to seek for problems in field and develop strategies, the curriculum after the field education should be carefully designed and guided. Fourth, when action learning is applied for university education, projects that are helpful for fields should be selected or field managers who are familiar with teachers or students should be sponsors. If not, it is difficult to get active support from field managers who deliver information on field and help the process.

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This study aimed to seek for effective strategies for proposal writing programs using action learning. For the purpose, this study examined action learning theoretically and designed an efficient teaching and learning program for proposal writing as an action learning method. Then, the program was applied for actual teaching and learning to seek for learning effects and develop suggestions.As a results of analysing the case and results of the survey, it was discovered that the proposal writing program model developed in this study was effective and the followings were suggested: First, when an action learning was applied for the ¡®Thinking and Expression¡¯ program, learners could have self-leading capability and problem-solving ability.Students had to plan field trip themselves and cooperate with team members to solve problems as subjects of the program even though they were guided by learning coaches. Second, students obtained knowledge relating to majors and information on fields through field activity. Therefore, field education may be insufficient in case when a teacher educate writing of several different genres like the program and actual learning can supplement insufficient field education. Third, success and failure of action learning program depends on substantiality of field activity, but if strategies to acquire learning effects after field education are not developed, learning effects may decrease. As action learning is a program to seek for problems in field and develop strategies, the curriculum after the field education should be carefully designed and guided. Fourth, when action learning is applied for university education, projects that are helpful for fields should be selected or field managers who are familiar with teachers or students should be sponsors. If not, it is difficult to get active support from field managers who deliver information on field and help the process.

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This study aims to teach students majoring in engineering how to write user-centered proposals based on storytelling. Students do not have genre knowledge of proposals, so they have many difficulties when they write introductions of proposals. Engineering is based on social needs, but it is hard to find user information in their proposals. To solve this problems, they did user profiling and made storyboards before they revised proposals.A storyboard is consisted of three parts ; beginning, conflict, and result. In the beginning, students wrote the main character and his or her problematic situation, in conflict, attempts for solutions and plans for finding solutions, and in result, final solutions and their affects. After they finished constructing storyboards, they had storytelling each other. Based on storytelling they revised their proposals, and its results showed that their introduction of proposals turned to be more user-centered and specified.

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The purpose of this study is to suggest the strategies of writing a problem statement adequate to a form of a proposal. Writing a proposal is the main field of writing widely needed in many occupations. The most important part in the proposal is crafting a problem statement, since it is the gist of the proposal, conveying the significance of suggestions, methods of operation, expected effects, and the solution. In practice, I offered two lectures for students and introduced how to write a proposal. After the lectures, about 40 undergraduate students developed complete proposal drafts. In assessing the problem statements in the proposal drafts, I located the four different types of major flaws. First, students tended to immediately find the solution relying on their own feelings and experiences, rather than having a good grasp of the problematic situation. Second, the problems were addressed in ambiguous way. Third, the problem statements were spread out in many parts of proposals not placed in the beginning. Fourth, some proposals were marred with the inconsistence between a problem and the solution. As a way to improve the writing skills, this article proposes a model of RFP (Request For Proposal) and introduces the use of a self-checklist consisting of questions. The employment of these strategies in the proposal writing brings improvement in the quality of problem statements, and this study concludes that the use of RFP and a self-checklist help a writer to be equipped with a comprehensive understanding of the form and rhetorics of proposal writing.

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½¬Çø®´Â 1972³â¿¡ ¼³¸³µÈ ¼¼°è ÃÖ°íÀÇ Á¦¾È/ÀÔÂû Àü¹® ÄÁ¼³Æà ±â¾÷À¸·Î º»»ç´Â ¹Ì±¹ À¯Å¸ÀÇ ¼ÖÆ®·¹ÀÌÅ© ½ÃƼ¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Çѱ¹À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ 16°³±¹¿¡ Áö»ç¸¦ µÎ°í ÀÖ´Â ±Û·Î¹ú ÄÁ¼³Æà ±â¾÷ÀÌ´Ù. ½¬Çø®´Â 1988³â Á¦¾ÈÀü¹®°¡ ÇùȸÀÎ APMP(Association of Proposal Management Professionals, www.apmp.org)¸¦ ¼³¸³ÇÏ¿© Á¦¾È Àü¹®°¡µéÀÇ ±³·ù¸¦ À̲ø¾î ³»¾ú°í, Á¦¾È ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­´Â Bible·Î ÅëÇÏ´Â Proposal Guide, Capture Guide¸¦ ¹ßÇàÇÏ¿© Á¦¾ÈÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä ¹æ¹ý·Ð°ú ¿ø¸®µéÀ» °øÀ¯ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. °í°´»ç·Î´Â Lockheed Martin, ATK, Boeing, EADS, L3, Raytheon, Northrop Grumman µîÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç(Æ÷ÃáÁö ¼±Á¤ ¹æ»êºÐ¾ß Top 25°³ ±â¾÷ Áß 23°³) ÀÌµé ±â¾÷µéÀº ÇöÀç ½¬Çø®¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¸¹Àº »ç¾÷µéÀ» ¼öÁÖÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

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½¬Çø®´Â 1972³â¿¡ ¼³¸³µÈ ¼¼°è ÃÖ°íÀÇ Á¦¾È/ÀÔÂû Àü¹® ÄÁ¼³Æà ±â¾÷À¸·Î º»»ç´Â ¹Ì±¹ À¯Å¸ÀÇ ¼ÖÆ®·¹ÀÌÅ© ½ÃƼ¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Çѱ¹À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ 16°³±¹¿¡ Áö»ç¸¦ µÎ°í ÀÖ´Â ±Û·Î¹ú ÄÁ¼³Æà ±â¾÷ÀÌ´Ù. ½¬Çø®´Â 1988³â Á¦¾ÈÀü¹®°¡ ÇùȸÀÎ APMP (Association of Proposal Management Professionals, www.apmp.org)¸¦ ¼³¸³ÇÏ¿© Á¦¾È Àü¹®°¡µéÀÇ ±³·ù¸¦ À̲ø¾î ³»¾ú°í, Á¦¾ÈºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­´Â Bible·Î ÅëÇÏ´Â Proposal Guide, Capture Guide¸¦ ¹ßÇàÇÏ¿© Á¦¾ÈÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä ¹æ¹ý·Ð°ú ¿ø¸®µéÀ» °øÀ¯ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. °í°´»ç·Î´Â Lockheed Martin, ATK, Boeing, EADS, L3, Raytheon, Northrop Grumman µîÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç(Æ÷ÃáÁö ¼±Á¤ ¹æ»êºÐ¾ß Top 25°³ ±â¾÷ Áß 23°³) ÀÌµé ±â¾÷µéÀº ÇöÀç ½¬Çø®¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¸¹Àº »ç¾÷µéÀ» ¼öÁÖÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

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In recent years, it is natural that the development and the maintenance of information systems are strongly dependent on outside service providers for economic reasons, especially in public sector. There has been an unexpected growth in the number of selection activities for outsourcing related works. At this time, selection of the contractor generally considers the proposals received based on the RFP(requested for proposal) and determines the ranking by experts committee. However, it is difficult even for expert giving a specific numeric score in weighting criteria or rating alternatives. In this context, an extended fuzzy TOPSIS method is applied for selection problem of IT proposals. A numerical illustration is also provided to demonstrate the applicability of the approach. This approach is very practical to help decision makers in assessing proposals during the selection phase under uncertainties.

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Some men of letters in the Augustan age were each in turn to call for an English Academy to concern itself with language£­and in particular to constrain what they perceived as the irregularities of the English language. The academy movement reached its culmination in Jonathan Swift¡¯s Proposal, which appeared in the form of an open letter to the Earl of Oxford in 1712. The aim of the present paper is to look into the developmental process of the academy movement, notably Swift¡¯s proposal, and to examine the opposing views of Dr. Johnson whose Dictionary(1755) to a large extent performed the task of ascertaining or fixing (i.e., standardizing) the English language.

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This study aimed to identify new complementary activities that elicit the interest of learners before and after reading discussions, and help them acquire diverse viewpoints. Additionally, it aimed to assess the effectiveness of such activities. Accordingly, this study attempted to develop a class model of reading discussions that considers the circumstances caused by COVID-19 and reflects the promotion strategy of Third Reading Culture Promotion Core Tasks such as ¡°communication,¡± ¡°discussion,¡± ¡±community,¡± and ¡°digital.¡± The class model proposed in this study comprised the following four steps: ¡°comparative reading,¡± ¡°writing a proposal,¡± ¡°online reading discussions,¡± and ¡°writing a critique.¡± The first step helps learners establish their values while verifying and assessing consistent or contradicting opinions on two books. The second step involves discussing the preparation process, where learners recognize that the private and public problematic situations are closely associated, and they prepare their stance and basis for the issues to be debated. In the third step, new digital communication methods that allow learners to participate in discussions with peers online are applied. The fourth step concludes the reading discussion class by critically and reflectively summarizing the prior class processes.After the class, a post-hoc questionnaire survey was conducted with the learners. Majority of them provided a positive response to the question on the effectiveness of each item. The analysis of the learners¡¯ responses to the questionnaire confirmed that this class model helped learners understand books and acquire diverse viewpoints. Additionally, it had a positive effect as a complementary activity that enhanced the quality of reading discussions.

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