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This study investigates the changes in the relative value relevance of operating income in the consolidated financial statements and that in the individual (or separate) financial statements around the adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) in 2011 in Korea. While the individual financial statements are prepared by each individual company as a legal entity, the consolidated financial statements are prepared by a parent company to present the financial position, the financial performance, and the cash flows of the parent company and its subsidiaries as a single economic entity. Before the adoption of the IFRS, the individual financial statements were the primary financial statements while the consolidated financial statements were complementary. The status of these two statements has reversed with the adoption of the IFRS£ºthe consolidated financial statements are now disclosed as the primary ones, and the individual financial statements of the parent company, termed ¡°the separate financial statements¡±, as complementary ones. Based on these changes in the reporting environment, we raise the following two research questions. First, is there a difference in the relative value relevance of operating income from the two types of financial statements? Second, has the relative value relevance of operating income from the two types of financial statements increased or decreased after the adoption of the IFRS? To address these questions, we examine all listed firms either on the Korean Stock Exchange(KOSPI sample) or on the Korean Securities Dealers Automated Quotations(KOSDAQ sample) that disclose the consolidated financial statements for 6 years (2008¢¦2013) around the adoption of the IFRS. The total sample size is 5,520 firm year observations£º2,210 observations from the Pre-IFRS period (2008¢¦2010) and 3,310 observations from the Post-IFRS period (2011¢¦2013). To estimate the operating income, the price level model of Ohlson (1995) is used. Our major findings are as follows. First, the value of operating income reported in the individual (or separate) financial statements is more relevant than that in the consolidated financial statements in both the Pre-IFRS and the Post-IFRS periods. This result implies that the investors in the capital market, who are familiar with the individual financial statements, still make investment decisions mainly based on the separate financial statements in the Post-IFRS period, which is contrary to the intended purpose of the supervisory body such as the Korea Accounting Standards Board (KASB). This finding can help the KASB and the supervisory body to make decisions on amending the accounting standards or policy related to the IFRS in which the consolidated financial statements are disclosed as the primary accounting information. Second, results based on the full sample indicate that the value relevance of operating income from the consolidated financial statements as well as from the individual financial statements has significantly improved in the Post-IFRS period, revealing that accounting information after the mandatory adoption of the IFRS is more useful from the perspective of the investors in the capital market. Thus, compared to the old accounting standards (K-GAAP), the IFRS has been more effective in conveying useful information on a firm¡¯s operating activities. However, we find that this result holds only for the KOSPI sample when we test the KOSPI sample and KOSDAQ sample separately£»for KOSDAQ firms, we observe that the value relevance of operating income from separate financial statements has increased in the post-IFRS period while there is no significant difference in the value relevance of consolidated operating income between the Pre-IFRS and the Post-IFRS period. Overall, the results of this study may provide additional empirical evidence to the related research on the effect of the IFRS adoption in Korea and contribute to the academia as well as to standard setters and policy makers for evaluating the effectiveness of the IFRS adoption.
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ȸ°èÁ¤º¸ÀÇ ½Å·Ú¼º°ú Åõ¸í¼ºÀ» ³ôÀ̱â À§ÇÑ Ã¼°èÀûÀΠȸ°è±âÁØÀÇ º¯È´Â ±â¾÷ ȯ°æÀÇ º¯È¿Í ´õºÒ¾î Áö¼ÓµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù. º» ¿¬±¸¿¡¼´Â K-IFRS °øÇ¥ ÀÌÈÄ 2009³â K-IFRS¸¦ Á¶±â Àû¿ë °ø½ÃÇÑ ±â¾÷µéÀ» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î K-GAAP¿Í K-IFRSÀÇ °ø½Ã »çÇ×µéÀ» ºñ±³ ºÐ¼®ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á À繫Á¦Ç¥ÀÇ º¯µ¿»çÇ×À» ÆÄ¾ÇÇÏ¿© ȸ°èȯ°æ º¯È¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÇØµµ¸¦ ³ôÀ̴µ¥ ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. º» ¿¬±¸ ºÐ¼®°á°ú´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. ù° K-IFRSÀÇ Àû¿ëÀº À繫¼öÄ¡(ÀÚ»ê, ºÎä, ÀÚº»)¿Í ¿¬°á´ë»ó ¹üÀ§¿¡ º¯µ¿ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. µÑ° K-IFRSÀÇ Àû¿ëÀº À繫Á¦Ç¥ Ç¥½Ã¹æ¹ý(°èÁ¤°ú¸ñ Ç¥½Ã¹æ¹ýÀ̳ª ¿µ¾÷ÀÌÀÍÇ¥½Ã, °èÁ¤°ú¸ñ ¼ö, ÁÖ¼®ÆäÀÌÁö ¼ö)¿¡ º¯µ¿ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. º» ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ÇѰèÁ¡À¸·Î´Â ºÐ¼®´ë»ó Àû¿ë±â¾÷ÀÇ ¼ö°¡ Àû°í, ¾÷Á¾º° ÆíÂ÷ µîÀ» ±¸ºÐÇϱⰡ ¾î·Á¿î Ãø¸éÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÚ»ê±Ô¸ð¿Í ±â¾÷ÀÇ °ø½Ã °á°ú ¿¬°á±âÁØÀÇ ÇѰè·Î °³º°±âÁØÀ¸·Îµµ ºÐ¼®ÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³À¸¸ç 2011³â ÀÌÈÄ ÀÚ»ê ±Ô¸ð 2Á¶¿ø ÀÌ»óÀÇ ±â¾÷¿¡¼ Àǹ«Àû¿ë °ø½ÃµÇ´Â Ãß°¡ ÀڷḦ ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ¾÷Á¾º° À繫Á¦Ç¥ º¯µ¿¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñ±³ºÐ¼®ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆÇ´ÜµÈ´Ù. º» ¿¬±¸ °á°ú ÁÖ¿ä ±â¾÷ÀÇ À繫Á¦Ç¥ º¯µ¿»çÇ׿¡ ´ëÇÑ Â÷À̸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© µ¿Á¾ °æÀï¾÷üÀÇ ¹Ì·¡ º¯µ¿»çÇ×µéÀ» ÃßÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸À̸ç, K-IFRS Àû¿ëÀ¸·Î ±¹³» ±â¾÷µéÀÌ ±Û·Î¹ú ½ÃÀå¿¡¼ ȸ°èÁ¤º¸ÀÇ Åõ¸í¼ºÀ» Çâ»ó½ÃŰ°í ½Å·Úµµ¸¦ Á¦°í½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ȸ°èÀü¹®°¡µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±³À° ¹× ȸ°è½Ã½ºÅÛ ±¸Ãà µî ±â¾÷µéÀÇ È°¹ßÇÑ Áغñ°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ÆÇ´ÜµÈ´Ù.
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This study is based on the status of the review system (all local governments in 2012-2016), which is one of the verification procedures for financial statements since the accrual double-entry bookkeeping system was introduced to local governments in 2007. The purpose of this study is to identify current problems and suggest ways to improve the quality of the financial statements. First, reviewers should strengthen their responsibility to prepare financial statements by increasing the competence and expertise of local government officials so as not to violate independence. Second, the role of internal audit organization should be strengthened so that internal audit can perform the actual control function for accounting errors and fraud detection. Third, the appointment of reviewers should be advanced within five months from the start of the fiscal year, and the interim review system should be specified to reinforce the preliminary control function. Fourth, the review fee, which is significantly lower (average of W12 million), should be realized to prevent deterioration in quality due to low-cost commitments. Fifth, it is necessary to consider the introduction of a system for appointing reviewers to municipalities above a certain size to improve the quality deterioration caused by the large-scale order method and the problems caused by the formation of the relationship. Sixth, supervision standards should be strengthened to monitor local government accounting regularly. Lastly, it is also necessary to consider institutional mechanisms for the detection of errors or fraud by activating the participation of qualified specialists in the field of government accounting through the registration system of the government accounting reviewer. This study seeks to improve the reliability of local government's financial information, focusing on the status of the financial statement review system, and hopes that the interest and financial participation of the financial statements will increase actively.
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The purposes of this study are to develop the evaluation indexes for financial statement analysis model of Private Colleges & Universities and to suggest the method of applying this evaluation indexes. The procedures of constructing the financial statement analysis model for Private College & University is as follows ; ¥¡) Deciding a field of evaluation(financial safety, flexibility, appropriateness, soundness, efficiency, growth) ¥¢) Abstracting the evaluation indexes according to the field of evaluation ¥£) Constructing the integrated model using Index Comparison Method, Index Method, Radar Chart Method But it must be improved several problems of accounting system in Private Colleges & Universities to apply the financial statement analysis model effectively.
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This study investigates whether the audit market competition affects financial statement comparability. The audit market competition is one of the important factors which influence auditors¡¯ behaviors. Prior studies report that the audit market competition, measured by the number of audit firms in the same year and industry, has negative effect on audit quality.If the level of competition in the audit market is high, the auditor is more likely to acquiesce to the preference of the client firms to secure and maintain the client firms as a client. In this situation, the auditor's bargaining power with the client firms will be weakened, and it leads to the decrease of auditor independence in delivering audit services. Also, according to prior studies, the auditors are able to influence financial statement comparability through the consistent application of the audit procedures. In this perspective, we expect that intensified audit market competition makes it difficult for the auditor to perform rigorous and consistent audits, which result in a decrease of financial statement comparability.To confirm our prediction, we conduct empirical analyses using 11,759 firm-years observations of Korean listed firms over the period of 2005-2018. We find that financial statement comparability decreases as audit market competition intensifies. It suggests that if competition in the audit market intensifies, the auditors are more likely to comply with the client¡¯s preference related to financial reporting, making it difficult to conduct rigorous and consistent audits. It leads to the decrease of financial statement comparability as well as audit quality.We also find that the empirical results are not statistically different between the subsample of Big4 and that of non-Big4 auditors, showing that more fierce audit market competition lowers financial statements comparability, regardless of a Big4 audit firm. Furthermore, we document that the negative relationship between the level of audit market competition and the financial statement comparability has been alleviated since the implementation of International Financial Reporting Standards. The main findings of this study are robust even after using alternative measures of financial statements comparability, and considering fixed effect of audit firm and client firm.In sum, this study shows that audit market competition is one of the important factors determining the financial statement comparability. Also, by revealing the negative effect of audit market competition on financial statement comparability, which is one of the qualitative characteristics of accounting information, these results provide meaningful implications for regulatory agencies paying attention to the level of competition in the audit market.
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This study examines the relation between managerial ownership and financial statement comparability.Since market participants analyze and evaluate firms based on the financial statements, comparable financial statements could alleviate information asymmetry. However, the higher the agency cost of the firm, the more likely the manager is to report low quality of accounting information to pursue private interests, so that it could affect financial statement comparability.We examine whether managerial ownership plays an important role in determining financial statement comparability. Managerial ownership is calculated using the sum of the number of owned shares that can be inquired in the ¡°executives¡¯ history and status of owned shares¡± in the TS2000 database of the Korea Listed Companies Association. Executives include the CEO, executive directors, managing directors, internal auditors, and advisors, etc. And financial statement comparability is estimated using the method as in De Franco et al. (2011).Using 10,755 observations of KOSPI and KOSDAQ listed firms for the period 2011 to 2019, we find that higher managerial ownership is associated with greater financial statement comparability. We also provide evidence that positive association between CEO¡¯s ownership and financial statement comparability. These results suggest that firms with high managerial ownership experience low level of agency problem and report more comparable financial statement. Also, these results can be interpreted as the manager¡¯s ownership increases, the interests of shareholders and managers coincide, and it is expected that the manager would make decisions in the direction of maximizing the interests of shareholders as in Jensen and Meckling (1976).We also examine several additional analyses. A significant positive relationship between managerial ownership and financial statement comparability is still remained when we use the method of Francis et al. (2014) to measure financial statement comparability. And in order to alleviate concerns about the possibility that the results of this paper may be caused by endogeneity, we use the first difference model and the time analysis model and results from both models show a significant positive relationship between managerial ownership and financial statement comparability. This study makes several c ontributions as follows. First, this study extends the literature by examining the association between managerial ownership and financial statement comparability. Second, our findings provide political implications for firms with low managerial ownership to enhance financial statement comparability. In particular, regulators may require appropriate internal control and monitoring through the board of directors and committees within the board of directors to prevent financial reporting behavior pursuing the private interests of the firm¡¯s managers.
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The Conceptual Framework issued by the IASB states that comparability is one of qualitative characteristics that enhance the usefulness of information that is relevant faithfully represented. Comparable information in terms of inter-entity and inter-period helps users understand various financial information and the fundamental characteristics of the reporting entity. Comparability also contributes to the quality of audit by assisting external auditors to identify audit risks with effectiveness and efficiencies. Especially, we expect that the role of comparability is more significant in the case of initial audits as auditors do not understand the reporting entity and its industry sufficiently. This study examines whether comparability enhances the quality of initial audit. We measure comparability used in De Franco et al.(2011). We find that positive association between comparability and audit quality. We find that the higher comparability enhances the quality of initial audit. We then divide the sample into two subgroups based on the listed market. Statistical significance partly decreases in the KOSPI market whereas the result is maintained in the KOSDAQ market. This result suggests that comparability helps effective initial audit where auditors do not have sufficient knowledge of the reporting entity. Further analysis provides evidence that comparability plays more important role in the audit of entities listed in KOSDAQ market which have a weak information environment. We perform empirical tests of the impact of comparability on audit quality while research on comparability is still in its early stage. We hope that this study can be a starting point to examine the role of comparability from the perspective of various information users. Our findings also provide useful information for policy makers, managements and other information users by showing that comparability is an additional determinant of audit quality.
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[Purpose] This study examines the association between managerial ability and differences between preliminary accounting information by listed firms and reported information.[Methodology] According to prior studies, more able managers are not likely to select opportunistic behavior due to their high reputation. In addition, they tend to strictly apply accounting standards by strengthening internal controls and monitoring, and are likely to measure and recognize more reasonably based on a high level of understanding of the firm¡¯s business as well. Thus more able managers expect the difference between before and after the audit to be low. Therefore, we predict that high managerial ability would decrease the difference between unaudited and audited accounting information.[Findings] The main results show that there is a negative association between managerial ability and the difference in total assets, total liabilities and net income. Next, more able managers are more likely to underestimate the net income of the unaudited financial statements. Lastly, in the group reporting positive net income, the difference in net income decreases as the manager¡¯s ability increases, but there is no significant relationship in the sample reporting negative net income. Overall, these results are consistent with the tone of previous studies that managerial ability has a positive effect on the accounting attributes.[Implications] Previous studies investigating the managerial characteristics use accounting information reflecting the opinions of auditors or use limited data. However, this study is the first empirical study to examine the impact of manager¡¯s characteristics on accounting information by utilizing unaudited accounting information of all KOSPI£listed firms.
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