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Critiques to Liberal-Democratic Nationalism

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This article aims to examine the possibility of Protestant church politics in Korean political context. In recent years, many of Korean Protestant intellectuals repeatedly expressed a kind of pessimism on the political future of Korean Protestantism. Though echoing their pessimism in many senses, the author tries to secure some possibility to make Korean Protestants be more responsible in political arena. For this purpose, the author reinterprets the political meaning of Protestantism from just religious matter to more political one. According to him, the Protestantism, the Reformation itself, was and is a kind of political movement toward the authentic Liberal Democracy or Radical and Liberating Democracy. In this regard, it is very evident that Protestant church politics has contributed tremendously for the development of modern democracy and constitutionalism.However, after the main field of political experiment moved to the Nation-States, church politics became marginal and lost political importance sooner or later. Since the Korean Protestant church has been heavily involved in the process of Nation-State building during the last century, Korean Protestants tend to be more politically aggressive than they usually assume. But the problem is that the Liberal Democracy in their church is not enough to be compared to the Liberal Democracy in their country. In order to overcome the gap between church politics and national politics, the author suggests that we the Korean Protestant should move the main field of political experiment from the Churchian networks to the Christian associations as soon as possible.

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This study analyzes the rising support of Fidesz, a national-conservative political party that declared Hungary an illiberal democratic state in 2014. Although objectives of Fidesz are in opposition with the core values of the European Union (EU), Fidesz has succeeded in re-elections for four consecutive terms with overwhelming approval ratings until the 2022 general election. Despite the Fidesz Party¡¯s high approval ratings, evidence shows that many Hungarian patrons favor democratic principles engraved in the EU rules and norms. This seeming contradiction is the result of the public¡¯s growing concerns in resolving the economic crisis more than upholding liberal ideals. Fidesz kept framing a series of challenges such as global economic crisis, refugee crisis, the war in Ukraine in terms of economic threat and won discursive war with opposition parties.

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South Korea has been widely considered a ¡°consolidated democracy¡±, but it has experienced deterioration in freedom of expression under Lee Myung-bak government and overall civil liberties under Park Geun-hye government, rendering its liberal democracy in serious jeopardy. This is explained partly by the prevalence of authoritarian Confucian values among many Koreans, but its explanatory power is limited. During the cold war era, the conservative ruling elite had effectively denied ¡°liberal democracy¡± and justified its authoritarian rule in the name of anti-communism and national security, while officially proclaiming to advocate liberal democracy. After democratic transition, the conservatives have been increasingly reusing cold-war anti-liberalism in fierce political competition with the progressives, which has been justified by North Korean regime¡¯s nuclear program and belligerent provocations. The progressives also have ignored or rejected liberalism and liberal democracy, which partly explains why the progressive governments adopted illiberal approach to media reform and continued and even intensified abuse of criminal defamation, restrictions on freedom of expression on the internet, and wide restrictions on election campaigning. In order to prevent South Korea from regressing toward a ¡°illiberal democracy¡±, the progressives should reconsider the values of liberalism and liberal democracy, and the conservatives should reconsider their suppression of liberal democracy in the name of defending liberal democracy.

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One who participates in various social controversies including the disputes over environmental issues has one¡¯s own valuation method, and claims its superiority. These social disputes get to involve legal disputes because the parties involved cannot agree on the valuation method that will govern the case. Such disagreement among the parties is not due to the lack or insufficiency of reason-based practical reasoning; it is because their valuation methods on which their justifying reasons are grounded are plural and incommensurable.If one cannot place one valuation method above the other, one has no alternative but to make a choice between them, which exerts a decisive influence on the relevant legal judgment. If then, the decision on the legal disputes depends on the choice of the valuation method, and, more essentially, on the meta-method of valuation, i.e. the method of choosing among the valuation methods.The Constitution provides us with liberal democracy as an idea to regulate our choice among valuation methods. With democracy we determine to leave such choice among valuation methods to the majority¡¯s decision, which results in the positive law. A positive law functions to reflect and communicate a certain valuation method, which is called the ¡°expressive function of law.¡± On the other hand, people¡¯s fundamental rights mandated by the Constitution put certain restrictions on the majority's choice.This meta-theory of legal interpretation may develop into concrete interpretive directives that are applicable to civil cases, administrative cases and constitutional cases, respectively. It is evidenced by our court decisions that these directives have been used consciously or unconsciously by our courts.

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º» ¿¬±¸´Â ºñÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ(illiberal democracy)¸¦ Ç¥¹æÇÏ´Â Çǵ¥½ºÀÇ ÁöÁö ±â¹ÝÀ» ºÐ¼®ÇÑ´Ù. ¹ÎÁÖÈ­¿Í EU°¡ÀÔÀÇ ¸ð¹ü »ç·Ê¿´´ø Çë°¡¸®´Â 2010³â Çǵ¥½ºÀÇ Áý±Ç ÀÌÈÄ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ ÈÄÅðÇö»óÀ» º¸À̱⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. 2014³â¿¡ Çǵ¥½º´Â ºñÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀǸ¦ °ø½ÄÀûÀ¸·Î ¼±¾ðÇÏ¿´°í, EUÀÇ Çٽɰ¡Ä¡¸¦ ÈѼÕÇϸç EU¿Í º»°ÝÀûÀ¸·Î Ãæµ¹ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í 2022³â ÃѼ±±îÁö ¾ÐµµÀûÀÎ ÁöÁöÀ²·Î Áý±Ç¿¡ ¼º°øÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ´Â Çë°¡¸® ´ëÁßµéÀÌ ºñÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀǸ¦ ÁöÁöÇÏ¸ç ¹ÝEUÁ¤¼­°¡ È®»êµÇ´Â °Íó·³ º¸¿´´Ù.
 ±×·¯³ª ½ÇÁ¦·Î Çë°¡¸® ´ëÁßµéÀº ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ ¿øÄ¢À» ÁöÁöÇϸç, Á¤ºÎº¸´Ù EU¸¦ ´õ¿í ½Å·ÚÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Çë°¡¸® ´ëÁßµéÀÇ ¸ð¼øµÈ ŵµÀÇ Çٽɵ¿ÀÎÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? ÀÌ´Â EUÀÇ °¡Ä¡¸¦ ÁöÁöÇÏÁö¸¸, Çǵ¥½º°¡ ÁÖ´Â °æÁ¦Àû ¼º°ú¸¦ ´õ¿í Áß¿äÇÏ°Ô ÀνÄÇÏ°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. Áï, Çë°¡¸® ÃѼ±¿¡ °¡Ä¡ Áß½ÉÀÇ Æ÷°ýÀû ÁöÁö(diffuse support)º¸´Ù´Â ¼º°ú Áß½ÉÀÇ ±¸Ã¼Àû ÁöÁö(specific support)°¡ ÀÛ¿ëÇÑ °á°úÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ½ÇÁ¦ ´ëÁßµéÀÌ Çǵ¥½º¸¦ ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â Çٽɵ¿ÀÎÀº ¼±Ç࿬±¸µéÀÌ ÁÖ¸ñÇÏ´Â ¡®Á¤Ã¼¼º Á¤Ä¡(identity politics)¡¯º¸´Ù ¡®°æÁ¦Àû ÀÌÀÍ(economic interests)¡¯¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼±ÅÃÀÌ Å©°Ô µÎµå·¯Áø´Ù. ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çؼ­, Çë°¡¸® ´ëÁßµéÀº Çǵ¥½º Áý±ÇÀ¸·Î ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °æÁ¦Àû ÀÌÀÍ ¶§¹®¿¡ ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ °¡Ä¡¸¦ Èñ»ýÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 
 2010³â ÃѼ±ºÎÅÍ 2022³â ÃѼ±¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ÀÌ ½Ã°¢¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¼³¸íÀº À¯È¿ÇÏ´Ù. Çë°¡¸® ´ëÁßµéÀº ´Ù¸¥ EUȸ¿ø±¹µé¿¡ ºñÇØ °æÁ¦¹®Á¦¿¡ ¹Î°¨ÇÑ ¸ð½ÀÀ» º¸ÀÌ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Çǵ¥½º´Â 4Â÷·ÊÀÇ ÃѼ±¿¡¼­ À̸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ±Û·Î¹ú ±ÝÀ¶À§±â, ³­¹ÎÀ§±â, ¿ìÅ©¶óÀ̳ª ÀüÀï µîÀ» ¡®°æÁ¦À§±â¡¯·Î ÇÁ·¹À̹Ö(framing)ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¼º°øÇß´Ù. ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇØ Çǵ¥½º´Â ÃѼ±¿¡¼­ ¸Å¹ø 2/3ÀÇ ÀǼ®À» È®º¸ÇÏ¸ç ¾ß´çÀÇ ¹Ý¹ß¿¡µµ ºñÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀǸ¦ ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î ÃßÁøÇØ ³ª°¬´Ù.
 ´Ù¸¥ ±¹°¡¿¡¼­µµ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ°¡ ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤ÂøÇÑ °Íó·³ º¸¿©µµ, ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ ÈÄÅðÇö»óÀÌ ÀϾ °¡´É¼ºÀº ¾ó¸¶µçÁö ÀÖ´Ù. Çë°¡¸®ÀÇ ºñÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ´Â Áß"ŵ¿À¯·´ÀÇ ¹®È­Àû Ư¡ÀÌ ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù±âº¸´Ù, º¸´Ù ´Ù¸¥ ±¹°¡µé¿¡¼­µµ ÈçÈ÷ ³ªÅ¸³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ °æÁ¦Àû ¿øÀÎÀÌ ÀÛ¿ëÇÑ °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. º» ¿¬±¸´Â °æÁ¦¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇØÁÙ °­·ÂÇÑ Á¤´çÀÌ ÃâÇöÇÏ¸é ´ëÁßµéÀÌ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ ¿øÄ¢À» Èñ»ý½ÃÅ°¸é¼­µµ ±× Á¤´çÀ» ÁöÁöÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ ÇÔÀǸ¦ °¡Áø´Ù. 

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Purity is the nature of poesy in a democratic society, meaning that artistic aspects of poetry is the most valuable. Based on this assumption, the present paper examines the nature of pure poetry in terms of autonomy and individuality, sociality and universality, and eternity and globality.First of all, the autonomy and individuality of poetry are concerned with artistic characteristics of poetry. That is, poetry gets its individuality only when it is free from politics, political parties, and utility. Secondly, the sociality and universality are concerned with ideas and objects poetry attempts to express. It means that reality for people would be the object of pure poetry as far as such reality arouses one¡¯s sympathy. Thirdly, the eternity and globality are concerned with the limit of poetry, which means that pure poetry should be always valuable to everybody beyond time and space. Thus, pure poetry should deal with common problems everybody might have. By doing this, folk poetry becomes world-wide poetry. We can tell that poesy of rightists is pure poetry, which is world-wide poetry as well as folk poetry. We thus think that the rightists¡¯ perspectives on poetry are more persuasive than leftists¡¯ perspectives having illiberality, exclusivism and factionalism.

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Liberalism, Democracy, and Liberal-Democracy * Professor, Department of Law, Cheongju University. Cho, Han-Sang* Liberal-Democracy is one of the basic ideals which Constitution of the Republic of Korea adopts. Liberal-Democracy is very important, but controversy over it is not decreased. Above all, it is worring that skepticism about liberal-democracy is increasing on all sides. This paper attempted reinterpretation of liberal-democracy, and wanted to contribute to the loyalty of nation towards liberal-democracy. Liberalism is the ideology that is used for guarantee individual freedom. For possession of freedom, it is necessary to escape from interference or coercion of others. So individualism inheres in Liberalism. The ideology of liberalism says rationality and justification will be unfulfilled with conversation and discussion between rational citizens. It is the tendency to rationalism. However, there is a limit to liberalism to neglect participations of political groups, and non-political nature inheres in liberalism. Democracy is still uncertain idea, although its value is generally approved. With comparison with so called guardianship idea, it is a self-evident truth that democracy is most profitable political order for people. However, it is also a classical criticism that democracy may be vulnerable to guaranteeing freedom of people, and has tendency to totalitarian democracy. Both liberalism and democracy has its own value, but its own limitation. This paper want to maintain the paradoxical combination of liberalism and democracy. This combination means that liberalism and democracy coexist in conflicting context, and One should not make the other impotent. It is so-called antagonism state. With this combination and state, pluralistic competition around liberal-democracy as constitutional basic idea is possible.

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This paper tried to analyze whether those unification principles that were declared in the 4th of July joint statement can bring unification and liberal democracy on the Korean peninsula. It has a academy curiosity that why we could not attain Korean unification, even though 70 years have passed since the Korean division. So it could find out some conclusions as follows.First, ¡®Independence, Peace, Unity¡¯, the unification principles in the 4th of July joint statement is the ideal unification principles which is consistent with main characters of the history in a Korean national community.Second, ¡®Independence, Peace, Unity¡¯, the unification principles in the 4th of July joint statement is not the realistic unification principles which can bring the unification on the Korean peninsula. Third, We need to search the more active unification principles which can bring changes of North Korea and increase the willingness for Korean Unification voluntarily.Lastly, this paper concluded that as a strategic choice, we have to find out alternative unification principles which can avoid the worst Korean unification.

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This study focuses on the concept of liberal democracy in 1950s and 1960s by examining Sasanggye, the most popular Korean intellectual magazine of the period. Liberal democracy can be defined in several different ways. First, progressive groups regarded liberal democracy as the antithesis of their social democratic aspirations; these intellectuals and politicians equated liberal democracy with laissez-faire capitalism and the growth of inequality. Second, a prominent constitutional scholar, Han Tae-yeon interpreted liberal democracy as advocating the kind of liberal democratic basic order (Freiheitliche demokratische Grundordnung) which had been proposed to counter totalitarianism, and especially communism, in West Germany. According to this standpoint, which influenced Park Chung-hee for some years following the coup in which he took power, anti-communism is a fundamental attribute of liberal democracy. Third, the Sasanggye coterie committed to resisting the Park regime utilized the same concept to mobilize people for a political revolution. According to their discourse, liberal democracy required replacing an authoritarian ruler by an ethical administration. These distinctly different understandings of the concept of liberal democracy, although they developed during the 1950s and 1960s, are not merely historical perspectives, but continue to shape Korean politics up to the present day.

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±¹¹Î±¹°¡ÀÇ ¼ö¸³°ú ´õºÒ¾î Çü¼ºµÈ ±¹°¡À̳äÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ¿Í ±ÇÀ§ÁÖÀÇÀû ÅëÄ¡¸¦ °­È­ÇÏ´Â ÅëÄ¡À̳ä°úÀÇ °£±ØÀÌ Ä¿ÁüÀ¸·Î½á ±¹°¡À̳ä°ú Á¤Ä¡Çö½Ç°úÀÇ ±«¸®´Â ½ÉÈ­µÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù. ÇعæÈÄ ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀǸ¦ ±¹°¡À̳äÀ¸·Î Ç¥¹æÇÑ ÀÚÀ¯´çÁ¤±ÇÀº ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀǸ¦ ¼öÈ£Çϱâ À§Çý ¹Ý°øÀ» ÇؾßÇÑ´Ù´Â ³í¸®¸¦ µµÂø½ÃÄÑ ¹Ý°øÀ» À§ÇØ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ Á¦ÇÑÇÒ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù´Â ¸ð¼øÀ» ³ëÁ¤ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ¹Ý°øÀ̶ó´Â ÅëÄ¡À̳äÀ» Á¤´çÈ­½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹°Àû¤ý°­Á¦·ÂÀû ±â¹ÝÀ» ±¸ÃàÇϴµ¥¿¡´Â ½ÇÆÐÇÏ¿´´Ù. 5.16 ÀÌÈÄÀÇ ±º»çÁ¤±Ç¿¡¼­ ÅëÄ¡À̳äÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ¹Ý°øÀ̳äÀº ¼ºÀåÀ§ÁÖÀÇ °æÁ¦Á¤Ã¥À¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ »ê¾÷È­ÀÇ ¼º°ø¿¡ ÈûÀÔ¾î ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ À̳äÀ» È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦¾ÐÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹°Àû¤ý°­Á¦·ÂÀû ±â¹ÝÀ» ±¸ÃàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±º»çÁ¤±ÇÀÌ ±ÇÀ§ÁÖÀÇüÁ¦¸¦ Á¤´çÈ­Çϱâ À§ÇØ ³ë·ÂÀ» °æÁÖÇØ ¿Â »ê¾÷È­´Â »çȸ³»¿¡ »ê¾÷±Ù·ÎÀÚ¸¦ ÁÖÃàÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â Áß»êÃþÀ» È®»ê½ÃÄ×À¸¸ç »çȸ°æÁ¦Àû ÁöÀ§Çâ»óÀ» °æÇèÇÑ Áß»êÃþÀº ÚãïÙö½¸¦ Ç¥¹æÇÏ´Â ±ÇÀ§ÁÖÀÇ ÅëÄ¡¿¡ ÀúÇ×Çϸ鼭 Á¤Ä¡Âü¿©¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. Áï ¹Ý°ø°ú ±Ù´ëÈ­¶ó´Â ±º»çÁ¤±ÇÀÇ ÅëÄ¡À̳äÀº ±×°£ ¼ºÀåÇÑ Áß»êÃþÀÇ ¿ä±¸¿¡ Á÷¸éÇÏ¿© ¿ÀÈ÷·Á Á¤Ä¡Àû Á¤´ç¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °­ÇÑ µµÀüÀ» ¹Þ°Ô µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 70³â´ë ÀÌÈÄ Áß¿ä½Ã µÈ °æÁ¦Àû ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ´Â »çȸÀÇ ºÐ¹èÀû Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ä±¸¸¦ Áõ´ë½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á ±ÇÀ§ÁÖÀÇÀû ÅëÄ¡¸¦ Á¤´çÈ­½ÃÅ°´Â ÅëÄ¡À̳信 ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ×À» ´õ¿í ½ÉÈ­½ÃÄ×´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ±ÇÀ§ÁÖÀÇÀû ÅëÄ¡¸¦ °­È­Çϱâ À§ÇØ Á¾·¡ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡À̳äÀ» ±¹°¡À̳信 ¾Õ¼¼¿ö °­º¯ÇÏ°Ô µÉ ¶§ ±× ÅëÄ¡ºñ¿ëÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ¼ºÀåÇÑ ½Ã¹Î»çȸÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû ¿ä±¸¿¡ ºñÃß¾î º¼ ¶§ ¾öû³ª°Ô Ä¿Áö´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±¹°¡À̳äÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇÀ̳äÀÇ ³»¿ëÀÌ ±¸Ã¼È­¤ý³»¸éÈ­µÉ¼ö·Ï ±ÇÀ§ÁÖÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Çö½Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ×°ú ´õºÒ¾î ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ Á¦ÇÑÇÏ´Â ÅëÄ¡À̳信 ´ëÇÑ ºñÆÇ°ú µµÀüÀº °­È­µÉ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¹ÎÁÖÈ­°úÁ¤À» ÅëÇØ ±×°£ Ç㱸ȭµÈ ±¹°¡À̳äÀ» Çö½ÇÈ­½ÃÄÑ ±¹°¡À̳ä°ú Á¤Ä¡Çö½Ç°úÀÇ ±«¸®¸¦ ÇؼҽÃÅ°´Â ÀÏÀº Çѱ¹»çȸ°¡ ÇØ°áÇØ¾ß ÇÒ Àý½ÇÇÑ ´ç¸é°úÁ¦ÀÌ´Ù.

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The purpose of this essay is to examine the clash of liberal democracy and therule of law in the context of Korean politics after democratization. The essayconsists of three parts. First of all, the author made the argument that thedistinction between liberal democracy and social democracy is not of muchrelevance, as both have converged in terms of their ideology and policy-orientationin Western and non-Western democracies, although both have different historicalorigins. In order to confirm such convergence in Korea as well, he brieflyreviewed clauses related to the basic economic order in the Korean Constitution.Then, although he agrees to the general interpretation that the ¡°liberal democraticorder¡± and the ¡°democratic order¡± both of which appear in the Constitution arealmost the same in their meanings, he attempted to show that the former hasstrong anti-communist element than the latter and that this legacy still remainsstrong, considering the origin of their insertion into the Constitution and the currentlegal and political practices. Second, the author examined whether the twoconsitutional cases related to President Roh Moo Hyun¡¯s impeachment and movingthe administrative capital from Seoul to Gongju area can be considered the clash ofdemocracy and the rule of law and, then, came to the conclusion that these casesshould not be considered the serious example of such clash. Finally, he suggestedthe argument that an impending clash of democracy and the rule of law is morelikely to appear in the form of the clash between democracy and (neo-) liberalism.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine whether current conservatism in Korea seeks to forge a viable link to liberal democracy by analyzing conservative discourses raised lively by conservative writers since the inauguration of the Kim Dae-Jung government. To do this, the paper analyzed articles published in the Monthly Chosun(Wolgan Chosun), a representative conservative magazine that seeks to equip conservatives with ideological weapons. To conduct the analysis with logical precision, the paper separated liberalism and democracy, and examined their respective relationships to conservatism, so that the true picture of current conservatism in Korea could be brought into sharp relief. The analysis was also carried out by comparing Korean conservatism with the Western counterpart. Finally, after summarizing the outcome, then the authors suggested some problems of Korean conservatism in light of the current political situation in Korea.

[±¹³» ÇÐÀ§³í¹®]

º» ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº ¡°½É¸®Àû À籸Á¶È­°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ±â°£¡± ¹Ì±¹Á¤½ÅºÐ¼®ÇÐ. Á¤½ÅºÐ¼®¿ë¾î»çÀü. ¼­¿ï: Çѱ¹½É¸®Ä¡·á¿¬±¸¼Ò, 2002 (ÀÎÅÍ³Ý °Ë»ö) À» Áö³ª°í ÀÖ´Â Áß °íµîÇлýµéÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Åµµ¿¡ ±³À°¹æ½ÄÀÌ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¿µÇâÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÏ¿© ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î´Â Á¤Ä¡Çаú ±³À°ÇÐÀÇ ¹ßÀü¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÏ°í ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ±³À° Á¤Ã¥¿¡ À¯ÀǹÌÇÑ ÀڷḦ Á¦°øÇϴµ¥ ÀÖ´Ù. º» ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀÌ µÇ´Â Áú¹®Àº ¾î¶² ±³À°¹æ½ÄÀ» Àû¿ëÇÏ¿´À» ¶§ Áß °íµîÇлýµéÀÌ ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀǸ¦ ¼±È£ÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀΰ¡ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´äÀ» ÃßÀûÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¿¬±¸¸¦ Á¶»çÇÏ¿´À¸³ª µ¿ÀÏÇÑ °üÁ¡°ú ¿µ¿ªÀ» °¡Áø ¿¬±¸´Â Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ´Ù¸¸, ´Ù¸¥ °üÁ¡À¸·Î À¯»çÇÑ ¿µ¿ª°ú ´ë»óÀ» ÃßÀûÇÑ ¿¬±¸¸¸ Á¸ÀçÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯·Î º» ¿¬±¸´Â »õ·Î¿î ¿µ¿ª¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ½ÃµµÇÏ´Â ¼º°ÝÀ» °¡Áö°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. º» ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ÇÙ½É Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´äÀ» ÃßÀûÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¼³¹®Áö¸¦ ÀÛ¼ºÇÏ¿© Á¶»çÇÑ ÈÄ SPSSÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ±³Â÷ºÐ¼®°ú µ¶¸³t°ËÁ¤À» ½Ç½ÃÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ »ó¼¼ÇÑ ¼­¼ú¿¡ Á¶»ç´ë»óÀÚÀÇ »ý°¢À» ¹Ý¿µÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ½ÉÃþ¸éÁ¢µµ ½Ç½ÃÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌ ¿¬±¸´Â ÃæûºÏµµ ÃæÁֽöó´Â Áö¿ªÀû ÇÑ°è¿Í ÇàÀ§Àû Ãø¸éÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀνÄÀû Ãø¸éÀ̶ó´Â ÇÑ°è, ƯÁ¤ ½ÃÁ¡¸¸À» ¹Ý¿µÇÏ¸ç º¯È­ ÃßÀ̸¦ ¹Ý¿µÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â µî ¿©·¯ ÇѰ踦 °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾î ÃßÈÄ ¿¬±¸¿Í º¸¿ÏÀÌ ¿ä±¸µÈ´Ù. º» ¿¬±¸ °á°ú Áß °íµîÇлýµéÀÌ ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀǸ¦ ¼±È£Çϴ ŵµ¸¦ °¡Áö°Ô Çϴµ¥ È¿°úÀûÀÎ ³× °¡ÁöÀÇ ±³À°¹æ½Ä°ú µÎ °¡ÁöÀÇ ºñÈ¿°úÀûÀÎ ±³À°¹æ½ÄÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ µÎ °¡ÁöÀÇ °á°ú´Â ¼ºº°À̶ó´Â ¿äÀο¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ È¿°úÀûÀÎÁö ºñÈ¿°úÀûÀÎÁö ±¸ºÐÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø±âµµ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÃßÈÄ º» ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ¿µ¿ªÀ» Á» ´õ ¹ßÀüµÈ ¿¬±¸¹æ½Ä°ú ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¶»ç, ºÐ¼® ±â¹ýÀ» È°¿ëÇÏ¿© ¿¬±¸ÇÑ´Ù¸é Á¤Ä¡Çаú ±³À°ÇÐÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀû ¹ßÀü°ú ½ÇÁú ±³À° Á¤Ã¥ÀÇ °áÁ¤¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÀڷḦ Á¦°øÇϴµ¥ µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óµÈ´Ù.

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Purity is the nature of poesy in a democratic society, meaning that artistic aspects of poetry is the most valuable. Based on this assumption, the present paper examines the nature of pure poetry in terms of autonomy and individuality, sociality and universality, and eternity and globality. First of all, the autonomy and individuality of poetry are concerned with artistic characteristics of poetry. That is, poetry gets its individuality only when it is free from politics, political parties, and utility. Secondly, the sociality and universality are concerned with ideas and objects poetry attempts to express. It means that reality for people would be the object of pure poetry as far as such reality arouses one¡¯s sympathy. Thirdly, the eternity and globality are concerned with the limit of poetry, which means that pure poetry should be always valuable to everybody beyond time and space. Thus, pure poetry should deal with common problems everybody might have. By doing this, folk poetry becomes world-wide poetry. We can tell that poesy of rightists is pure poetry, which is world-wide poetry as well as folk poetry. We thus think that the rightists¡¯ perspectives on poetry are more persuasive than leftists¡¯ perspectives having illiberality, exclusivism and factionalism.

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This paper aims to analyse the characteristics of Korean liberaldemocracy with focusing on Dahl"s typology of democratization that charted the transformation of non-democratic regimes towards democracy along the two dimensions political liberalization(- public contestation) and inclusiveness(participation and voting). Under the anti-communist regime and authoritarian developmental state, the process of political liberalization has been blockaded, which brought about the discrepancy between civil society and political representation system. So, realization of political liberalization is still necessary for the development of Korean democracy.

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