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 PEMFCÀÇ ½Ç¿ëÀûÀÎ ÀÀ¿ëÀº (i) º¹ÀâÇÑ ÇÕ¼º °úÁ¤À¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ ³ôÀº ºñ¿ë, (ii) ³ôÀº ¿¬·á Å©·Î½º ¿À¹ö, (iii) ³·Àº À¯¸® ÀüÀÌ ¿Âµµ ¹× (iv) °í¿Â (>80 ¡É) ¹× Àú½Àµµ (<80%)¿¡¼­ ÀüµµÀ² ³·¾ÆÁö´Â NafionÀÇ ´ÜÁ¡À¸·Î Á¦ÇÑÀûÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇØ º¸¿ÏµÈ ³ªÇÇ¿Â ¸· ¶Ç´Â ´ëü PEMÀÇ ÇÕ¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸°¡ È°¹ßÈ÷ ÁøÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù¿¡, ±â´É¼º ±×·¡ÇÉ »êÈ­¹° (functionalized graphene oxide, FGO) À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ º¹ÇÕ PEM¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸°¡ ÁÖ¸ñ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. PEMÀÇ ¼ººÐÀ¸·Î¼­ FGOÀÇ È¥ÇÕÀº ¹°¸®È­ÇÐÀû, ¿­¿ªÇÐÀû ¹× Àü±âÈ­ÇÐÀû Ư¼ºÀ» ÇöÀúÈ÷ ³ô¿©Áشٴ °ÍÀÌ ÀÔÁõµÇ¾ú´Ù.
 1 Àå¿¡¼­´Â PEMFC¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¼Ò°³, ÀÛµ¿ ¿ø¸®, PEMFCÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ±¸¼º ¿ä¼Ò, ¿¬·á ÀüÁö ¼Õ½Ç ¹× ³»±¸¼º¿¡ ´ëÇØ °£·«ÇÏ°Ô ¼³¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±â´ÉÈ­µÈ ź¼Ò ³ª³ë ¹°ÁúÀ» ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ÇÑ PEMÀÌ ÁÖ¿ä ¿¬±¸ ÁÖÁ¦ÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ, ¿¬±¸ÀÇ µ¿±â ºÎ¿©¿Í ¹®Á¦Á¡ ¹× ÇØ°á ¹æ¾È¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­µµ ÀÚ¼¼È÷ ³ªÅ¸³»¾ú´Ù.
 2 ÀåÀº ¼³ÆùÈ­ µÈ Æú¸®(À̽á À̽á ÄÉÅæ) (SPEEK)ÀÇ ¼ºÁú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ SGO °áÇÕÀÇ È¿°ú¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ü¼øÇÏÁö¸¸ È¿°úÀûÀ̸ç, GOÀÇ ±â´ÉÈ­´Â ¼úÆù»ê¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼öÇàµÇ¾î GO µµ¸ÞÀÎÀÇ ´ÜÀ§ ºÎÇÇ´ç ¼³Æù»ê ¿° ÀÛ¿ë±âÀÇ ¼ö¸¦ Áõ°¡½ÃŲ´Ù. SPEEK¿Í ÇÔ²² º¹ÇÕ ¸·ÀÌ ¿ë¾× ij½ºÆà ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÅëÇØ Á¦À۵Ǿú´Ù. ÇüÅÂÇÐ, ¹°¸® È­ÇÐÀû ¹× ¿­¿ªÇÐÀû Ư¼º ¸·¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀÚ¼¼È÷ ¼³¸íÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. PEMFC ÀÀ¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¹ÇÕ¸·ÀÇ ÀûÇÕ¼ºÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»±â À§ÇØ ¾ç¼ºÀÚ Àüµµµµ ¹× ´ÜÀÏ ¼¿ ÃøÁ¤ÀÌ ¼öÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù. ´ÜÀÏ ¼¿Àº 70 ¡É ¹× 100% »ó´ë½Àµµ¿¡¼­ ¼¿À» ÀÛµ¿ ÇÒ ¶§ 1374 mA/cm2ÀÇ ºÎÇÏ Àü·ù ¹Ðµµ¿¡¼­ 634 mW/cm2ÀÇ ÃÖ´ë Àü·Â ¹Ðµµ¸¦ º¸¿´´Ù.
 3 ÀåÀº SPEEK, ¼úÆù»êµÈ poly(vinylenedene fluoride-co-hexa fluoropropylene) (SPVdF-HFP) ¹× 1,3,5 ¶Ç´Â 7 wt%ÀÇ GOÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ ÇÕ¼ºÇÑ ¸·¿¡ ´ëÇØ º¸°íÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Õ¼­ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ ¸·¿¡¼­ SPVdF-HF´Â SO3H ±×·ìÀÇ Å¬·¯½ºÅÍ ºÎÇÇ´ç Áõ°¡ÇÏ¿´°í GO´Â ¹æÇ⼺ ¼ö¼Ò °áÇÕÀÇ ¼ö¸¦ Áõ°¡½ÃÄ×À¸¸ç, ÀÌ´Â ÃÑüÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ç¼ºÀÚ Àüµµ¼º¿¡ ¿ì¼öÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢ÃÆ´Ù. 90 ¡É¿¡¼­ SPEEK¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¾ò¾îÁø ÃÖ´ë ¾ç¼ºÀÚ Àüµµµµ´Â 68 mS/cmÀ̾ú°í, ÇÕ¼ºÇÑ ¸·ÀÇ Àüµµµµ´Â 122 mS/cm·Î Àüµµµµ°¡ 1.7¹è Çâ»óµÇ¾ú´Ù.
 4Àå¿¡¼­´Â Ç÷ç¿À¸£È­µÈ Æú¸®(¾Æ¸±·» ÇÁ·ÎÆǺñÆä´Ò) (FPAPB)¿Í SPEEK·Î ±¸¼ºÇÑ È¥ÇÕ °íºÐÀÚ ¸ÅÆ®¸¯½º¸¦ °¡Áö°í ¹èÇâµÈ ÇÏÀ̺긮µå ¸·À» »ó¿ëÈ­Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ °íü ¾ç¼ºÀÚ ÀüµµÃ¼ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀÚ±âÀû È°¼º ÃæÁøÁ¦·Î½á Àû¿ëµÇ´Â ±â´É¼º GO (FGO)¿Í »êȭöÀ» °áÇÕÇÏ¿´´Ù. 0.25 TÀÇ ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ÀÚ±âÀåÀº ¿ë¾×À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ Á¦¸· °úÁ¤ Áß¿¡ ¸·ÀÇ Ç¥¸é¿¡ Fe3O4-FGO¸¦ ¼öÁ÷À¸·Î Á¤·Ä½ÃÅ°´Â µ¥ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. Á¦ÀÛµÈ ¸· Áß¿¡¼­ SPFSGF-5 (¼öÁ÷À¸·Î Á¤·ÄµÈ)´Â °í¿Â (120 ¡É) ¹× Àú½À (20%)¿¡¼­ 13 mS/cmÀÇ ¿ì¼öÇÑ ¾ç¼ºÀÚ Àüµµµµ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»¾ú´Ù. SPFSGF-5 (¼öÁ÷À¸·Î Á¤·ÄµÈ) ¸·ÀÇ ¿ì¼öÇÑ Æ¯¼ºÀº (i) ¹ÝÀÀ¼ºÀÌ ÁÁÀº FGO¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¦°øµÇ´Â ³ôÀº ³óµµÀÇSO3H, (ii) °áÇÕµÈ ¹° ºÐÀÚ¸¦ À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÑ Fe3O4 ³ª³ë ÀÔÀÚÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ Æ¯¼º ¹× (iii) Fe3O4-FGO¿Í °íºÐÀÚÀÇ °è¸é¿¡ °í¹Ðµµ ±â°ø Çü¼º¿¡ ±âÀÎÇÑ´Ù.
 5 ÀåÀº °í¿Â ¹× Àú½À¿¡¼­ ÀÛµ¿ÇÏ´Â PEMFC ¿ë PEMÀ¸·Î¼­ Nafion/Fe3O4-SGO º¹ÇÕ Àç·áÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. Fe3O4-SGOÀÇ ¹° Èí¼ö ¹× ¾ç¼ºÀÚ Àüµµµµ´Â Nafion/Fe3O4-SGO¿¡¼­ ÀüµµµµÀÇ È¿°ú¸¦ °³¼±ÇÑ´Ù. Ãʱâ Nafion ¸·À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ PEMFC´Â 120 ¡É ¹× 20 % RH¿¡¼­ ´ÜÀÏ ¼¿À» ÀÛµ¿ÇÒ ¶§ 431 mA/cm2ÀÇ ºÎÇÏ Àü·ù ¹Ðµµ¿¡¼­ ÃÖ´ë Àü·Â ¹Ðµµ´Â 144 mW/cm2ÀÇ °ªÀ» º¸ÀÌÁö¸¸, Nafion/Fe3O4-SGO ¸·À» °®Ãá PEMFC´Â µ¿ÀÏÇÑ µ¿ÀÛ Á¶°Ç¿¡¼­ 640 mA/cm2ÀÇ ºÎÇÏ Àü·ù ¹Ðµµ¿¡¼­ 258.82 mW/cm2ÀÇ ÃÖ´ë Ãâ·Â ¹Ðµµ¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. 
 6ÀåÀº ÀÌ ³í¹®¿¡¼­ Á¦½ÃµÈ ´Ù¾çÇÑ PEMÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿Í ¾ç¼ºÀÚ Àüµµµµ ¹× ¿¬·á ÀüÁö ¼º´É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ôÀº Àü±âÈ­ÇÐÀû Ư¼ºÀ» Á¤¸®ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ÇâÈÄ ¸ñÇ¥µµ °­Á¶ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ³í¹®¿¡¼­ ¾ð±Þ µÈ ¸ðµç ¿¬±¸ ³í¹®ÀÌ ¹ßÇ¥µÇ¾î ±¹Á¦ Àú³Î¿¡ Á¦ÃâµÇ¾ú´Ù.

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In this study, the characteristics of emulsified fuel and engine emissions were studied with engine dynamometer. In the results of physical property analysis test, the margin of error of net calorific value and gross calorific value was ¡¾ 0.5%, were almost same theoretical calculation and results of physical property analysis test. In emulsified fuel, density and viscosity were increased with increasing water contents. Emulsified fuel which composed of water and bunker A was manufactured by using homogenizer and ultrasonic generator in 80¡É. Phase separation did not take place in 20¡É and 50¡É. In the results of engine dynamometer test, NOx concentration and smoke density were reduced with increasing water contents in using emulsified fuel. Total NOx could be reduced by about 41%, 10%, 32% and 28% at 1000rpm, 1200rpm, 1500rpm and 2500rpm respectively. Total smoke density was reduced 42%, 65%, 70%, 62%, and 82% at 1000rpm, 1200rpm, 1500rpm, 2000rpm, and 2500rpm respectively. In conclusion, for tier 3 regulation, we could reduce exhaust gas and made sense of economic feasibility by using emulsified fuel in marine engine.

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¿¬·áÀüÁö ¹ßÀü±â ŸÀÔ º°·Î ¿î¿µ °á°ú¸¦ ºÐ¼®ÇØ º¸¸é Àü·Â¸ÅÃâ 31%, REC ¸ÅÃâ 65%, ¿­ ¸ÅÃâÀÌ 4%·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ°í, ¿¬·áÀüÁö ¹ßÀü±âÀÇ °¡µ¿·üÀÌ ³ôÀ»¼ö·Ï ¼öÀͼºÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ°í ¿Ü»ý º¯¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼ÕÀÍ ¹Î°¨µµ°¡ Å©°Ô ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ƯÈ÷, REC ¸ÅÃâ ºñÁßÀÌ Ä¿¼­ REC °¡°Ý º¯µ¿À¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ ÀÌÀÍ º¯µ¿ÀÌ Å©°Ô ³ªÅ¸³µ´Âµ¥, REC °¡°ÝÀÌ 5% º¯µ¿ÇÒ ¶§ ÀÌÀÍÀº ¾à 71¹é¸¸¿ø¿¡¼­ 81¹é¸¸¿ø¾¿ º¯µ¿µÈ´Ù. ¿¬·áÀüÁö ¹ßÀüÀÇ ±ÕµîÈ­ ¹ßÀüºñ¿ëÀº 208.77¢¦217.23¿ø/kWh·Î °¡Àå ³·Àº 64.52 ¿ø/kWhÀÎ ¿øÀüÀÇ 3.2¹è¢¦3.4¹è ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ºñ±³´ë»ó ¹ßÀü¿øÁß °¡Àå ³ôÀº ¼öÁØÀ̸ç, °°Àº ¿¬·á¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â LNGº¹ÇÕ ¹ßÀü¿¡ ºñÇؼ­µµ 2¹è°¡ ³Ñ´Â ºñ¿ë ¼öÁØÀ» º¸¿© REC ÆǸŰ¡ ¾ø´Ù¸é °æÁ¦¼ºÀº ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ¿¬·áÀüÁö ¹ßÀü»ç¾÷ÀÌ °æÁ¦¼ºÀ» °®Ãß±â À§Çؼ­´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² Á¦µµÀû °í·Á»çÇ׺¸´Ùµµ ¿¬·áÀüÁö¿ë LNG °¡°ÝÀ» ³·Ãß´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

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An energy transition triggered from the change of industry has been reviewed. It was identified that Hydrogen & Fuel Cell has been emerged as a new energy alternative according to the necessity of sustainable New & Renewable energy through reviewing contemporary New & Renewable energy industry was extensively examined. The status of Hydrogen & Fuel Cell industry not only in Korea but also in foreign country has been covered. This study was mainly focused on new & renewable energy industry especially Hydrogen & Fuel Cell industry which depends heavily on the economic condition. It also has examined the Korean Government's supporting policies on Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Industry included in system, finance, technology development and export. This paper would be contributed to suggest a model of an appropriate investment strategy based on the investment theory and practice for the growth of Hydrogen & Fuel Cell industry and companies relevant to such industry in Korea. As a conclusion, I found some suggestions to develop Hydrogen & Fuel Cell industry in Korea as follow; first of all, new-orgarnized collect fee system of natural gas only for hydrogen & fuel cell to create early market of hydrogen & fuel cell and economical effects is necessary. That is, gas fee should be lower than electric fee so as to use more hydrogen & fuel cell. Secondly, government should enlarge financial support to create early market. As we knew before, raw materials of hydrogen & fuel cell are producted mainly through global major companies and high-tech materials are producted mainly by large companies, but parts also by small & medium. So, if government builtup financial support, small & medium enetrprises would be able to produce high-tech materials and parts, so that molding of supply chain will make a repple effect largely. Thirdly, the strategies for a niche market before beginning of main market should be needed. Lastly, it is more important in this situation that more original high-tech should be developed before foreign company rapidly. And the investment strategies on Hydrogen & Fuel Cell should be formed for a social consensus. It shouldn't be treated as a simple energy problem; however, it should be positively regarded as a grave measures to decrease the damage of human being resulted from climatic change. Key Words : Hydrogen & Fuel Cell, new & renewable energy industry, high-tech materials

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In the limelight of global fossil fuel depletion and environmental deterioration, alternative energy solution that is clean and renewable is greatly desired. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) as a promising candidate could utilize organic compound in wastewater as fuel for power generation, thereby simultaneously tackling the energy and environment problems. However, MFCs have not yet been used for practical applications due to their low power outputs and challenges associated with scale-up. High throughput screening devices for parallel studies are highly necessary to significantly improve and optimize MFCs working conditions for future practical applications. . Herein, two components of MFCs; namely the membrane and the anode, were modified and investigated to enhance the MFCs performance.
 
 To use MFCs-based technologies for real applications in waste and wastewater treatment processes, one of the greatest challenges is the high cost of proton exchange membrane that represents 35%from total cost of MFC. So that, in this study, more cost-effective materials including anion (AEM) and cation (CEM) exchange membranes were investigated to generate power from real wastewater obtained from different industries sources (food, alcohol and dairy factories) without the addition of external microorganisms or chemicals by using single chamber air cathode-MFCs. The results indicate that the original mixed culture of microorganisms presented in wastewater can act as an effective bio-anode. Overall, the tested wastewaters show a good tendency for power generation in both cation- and anion- based MFCs. However, when compared to anion membranes, cation membranes exhibit a distinctly higher performance for all tested wastewaters. Cation membrane-based MFCs generate 1007 mWm-3 of power from food, 627 mWm-3 from alcohol, and 507 mWm-3 from dairy wastewaters while anion membranes generate 190.5, 164, and 38 mWm-3, respectively. COD analyses and Coulombic efficiency measurements indicate that more organic pollutants are removed and higher efficiency is achieved by using cation membrane-MFCs rather than anion ones. Therefore, the use of CEM provides comparable performance to similar systems that use materials costing nearly an order of magnitude more (Nafion117), and thus represent more useful materials for reducing the costs of MFCs for wastewater treatment applications. 
 
 On the other hand, the anodic material is the main key component in the MFCs due to its effect on bacteria attachment, the electron transfer process and substrate oxidation. Thus, herein, five approaches were introduced to increase the power generation of MFCs based on the anode materials. First, Inexpensive activated carbon (AC) was used as a proper electrode alternative to carbon cloth (CC) and carbon paper (CP) materials, which are considered too expensive for the large scale application of MFCs. Extensive characterization was conducted to confirm the effectiveness of the AC material as an anode in MFCs based on CEM. The electrochemical performance of AC was also compared to other anodes, i.e., Teflon-treated carbon cloth (CCT), Teflon-treated carbon paper (CPT), untreated carbon cloth (CC) and untreated carbon paper (CP). Initial tests of a single air cathode MFC display a current density of 1792 mAm-2, which is approximately 4 times greater than the maximum value of the other anode materials. COD analyses and Columbic efficiency (CE) measurements for AC-MFC show the greatest removal of organic compounds and the highest CE efficiency (60 and 71%, respectively). 
 In the second approach, three different strategies for surface treatment by doping carbonaceous anode with superficial nitrogen groups and simultaneously decrease the oxygen-bonded carbon content were studied. The anodes have been hydrothermally treated in the presence of ammonia solution (AST), and a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid (AHT) at 180 oC for 3h. Moreover, the third method has been based on heating the anodes/solid urea mixture at the same conditions above (UT). The utilized characterization techniques confirmed doping of the surface by nitrogen and decreasing the oxygen-bonded carbon content. Interestingly, the observed increase in the power generated from a MFC was 115%, and 56.8% by ammonia solution respectively. Although comparatively, the other two processes revealed lower efficiency, the results are still very satisfactory compared to literatures.
 In the third approach, the iron electrodeposition technique was used as efficient and straightforward strategy to increase the exo-electroactive bacteria adhesion and improve the surface properties of crystalline and amorphous carbonaceous anodes to be used as anodes in MFCs enriched with unconditioned industrial wastewater. Individually, the surfaces of AC (amorphous), CP (crystalline), and CC were modified by iron electrodeposition technique. In air-MFCs, the suggested modification strategy strongly enhances the power generation as the observed increase was 18.5, 47.5 and 65.8% for the AC, CC and CP, respectively. Moreover, the measured Columbic efficiency (CE) has been enhanced for all the treated anodes until more than 80 % in case of the treated AC. 
 In the fourth approach, the hydrophobicity nature of the carbonaceous anodes was overcome by treating the anode surface by metal/metal oxide nanostructures is an attractive strategy. A novel nanoflakes of cobalt sheathed with cobalt oxide is created on four different carbonaceous anodes; CC, CP, graphite (G) and AC, to introduce as a high-performance anodes of MFC. Interestingly, characterizations results indicated that a novel metallic nanoflakes that sheathed by a thin layer of cobalt oxide was formed on the surface of the different anode materials. Moreover, the thin layer of cobalt/cobalt oxide nanoflakes significantly enhanced the microbial adhesion, wettability of the anode surface and decreased the electron transfer resistance. Alternatively, the toxicity risk of the pure cobalt is overcome by the cobalt oxide layer. Moreover, the results showed that, a significant improving in MFC performance for the different anode materials. Where, the observed increasing in the power was 103, 137, 173 and 71% for the CC, CP, G and AC electrodes, respectively. 
 Because of the direct contact between the bacteria (microorganisms) and the anodes, so the fifth approach investigated the performance of the modified anodes in both pure and mixed bacteria culture. From the results, mixed culture showed higher power outputs as compared to the pure culture. The maximum power density up to 170 mWm-2 was obtained using mixed culture which was almost 111% higher as compared to unmodified electrodes. The anode modification also assisted in dropping the electron transfer resistance and enhancing the coulombic efficiencies of the MFCs. 
 Finally, the relation between the modified anodes, cathode and the membrane as a whole process was investigated. Where, the effect of cation exchange membrane (CEM) diffusion layers on the cathode potential behavior of microbial fuel cells based on a cobalt electro deposited modified anode working on real industrial wastewater was studied. The results indicated that the metal electrodeposition strategy with multi-layer of CEM enhanced the power and current generation by (498.2 and 455 %) respectively. Moreover, the measured Columbic efficiency (CE) increases by 77%, 154.5%, and 232 % for MFC based on, one, two and three layers of CEM membrane respectively. 
 Overall, this study shows a new economical technique for power generation from real industrial using inexpensive electrode and membrane materials.

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Á¤ºÎ´Â 2012³âºÎÅÍ ½ÅÀç»ý¿¡³ÊÁö °ø±Þ Àǹ«È­Á¦µµ(RPS: Renewable Portfolio Standards)¸¦ µµÀÔÇϱâ·Î °áÁ¤ÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó ½ÅÀç»ý¿¡³ÊÁö ½ÃÀåÀÌ Å©°Ô È®´ëµÉ °ÍÀ¸·Î Àü¸ÁÀÌ µÇ¸ç, ½ÅÀç»ý¿¡³ÊÁö ¹ßÀü»ç¾÷ÀÚµéÀº ±âÁ¸ÀÇ Å¾籤 µî ƯÁ¤¿¡³ÊÁö¿ø »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´Ù¸¥ ¹ßÀü¿ø¿¡µµ ÁøÃâÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ³ô¾ÆÁ³´Ù. ¼­¿ï½Ã´Â 1960³â´ë ÀÌÈÄ, °æÁ¦ ¹ßÀü°ú ÇÔ²² µµ½ÃÈ­°¡ ÁøÇàµÇ¸é¼­ Àα¸°¡ Áõ°¡ÇØ ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç, ÇöÀç Àü±¹Àα¸ ºñÀ²¿¡ ¾à 20%¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇϸç, 5¸íÁß 1¸íÀÌ ¼­¿ï½Ã ÁÖ¹ÎÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ÀÌó·³ ´Ã¾î³ª´Â Àα¸¿¡ ºñ·ÊÇÏ¿© »ýÈ°°èÆó±â¹°µµ Áõ°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×Áß ´ëÇüÆó±â¹°°ú 1ȸ¿ë ºñ´ÒºÀÅõµµ Áõ°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. º» ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­´Â °¡¿¬¼º ´ëÇüÆó±â¹°ÀÇ ±âŸÇùÀâ¹°°ú 1ȸ¿ë ºñ´ÒºÀÅõ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© º¯°æµÈ SRF(Solid Recovery Fuel)Ç°Áú ±âÁØ¿¡ ¸Â´Â °íÇü¿¬·á·Î¼­ÀÇ Àû¿ë¼º°ú, ¿¬·á¿ë À¯¿¬Åº°ú °°Àº È¿À²À» ³»´Â ºñÀ²¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¿¬±¸ÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿ì¼± ¼­¿ï½ÃÀÇ ´ëÇ¥¼ºÀ» °¡Áø Áö¿ª±¸¸¦ ¼±Á¤Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ ¼­¿ï½Ã Àα¸ ´ëºñ ´ëÇüÆó±â¹°ÀÇ 1Àδç Æò±Õ¹ß»ý·®°ú À¯»çÇÑ Áö¿ª±¸¿Í, ´ëÇüÆó±â¹°À» ó¸®ÇÒ ¼ö Àִ ü°èÀûÀÎ ½Ã¼³°ú ±Ô¸ð¸¦ °®Ãá ÀûȯÀåÀ» Á¶»çÇÏ¿© µÎ Ç׸ñÀÌ °ãÄ¡´Â µ¿´ë¹®±¸¸¦ ¼­¿ï½ÃÀÇ ´ëÇ¥¼ºÀ» Áö´Ñ Áö¿ª±¸·Î ¼±Á¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù. µ¿´ë¹®±¸ ÇöÀå Á¶»ç °á°ú ¼ö°ÅµÈ ´ëÇüÆó±â¹°Àº ¼ö¼±º° ÇÏ¿© °íö, ¸ñÀç, ½ºÆÝÁö·ù´Â ÀçÈ°¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀçÈ°¿ëµÇÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â Â±âÀÇ °³³äÀÎ ±âŸÇùÀâ¹°Àº Àü·® ¼Ò°¢ ó¸® µÇ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ´ëÇüÆó±â¹° ±âŸÇùÀâ¹°ÀÇ ¹°¸®Àû ¼º»ó ºÐ¼®°á°ú ¸ñÀç°¡ 83.6%·Î °¡Àå ¸¹¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ¼Ò°¢Á¶°ÇÀ» º¸±â À§ÇÑ »ï¼ººÐ ºÐ¼®À¸·Î °¡¿¬¼º ÇÔ·®ÀÌ ´ëÇüÆó±â¹° ±âŸÇùÀâ¹°Àº 65.11%~88.94%·Î ³ª¿ÔÀ¸¸ç, 1ȸ¿ë ºñ´ÒºÀÅõ¿Í È¥ÇÕÇÏ¿´À» ¶§ 91~94%·Î °íÇü¿¬·á·Î¼­ °¡¿¬¼ºÀÌ ³ôÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î ºÐ¼® µÇ¾ú´Ù. È­ÇÐÀû Á¶¼ºÀ¸·Î ´ëÇüÆó±â¹° ±âŸÇùÀâ¹°ÀÇ °æ¿ì »ê¼Ò(O)°¡ Æò±Õ 46.47%À¸·Î °¡Àå ³ô°í, 1ȸ¿ë ºñ´ÒºÀÅõ¿Í È¥ÇÕÇÏ¿´À» ¶§¿¡´Â ź¼Ò°¡ ÃÖ´ë 81.25%·Î °¡Àå ÃøÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Ù. Ȳ»êÈ­¹°(SOx)¸¦ ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î µµÃâÇÏ¿´À» ½Ã 16.31~92.21ppmÀ¸·Î Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ¸Å¿ì ³ô°Ô ³ª¿Ã °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óµÇ¾îÁø´Ù. ´ëÇüÆó±â¹° ±âŸÇùÀâ¹°ÀÇ Æó±â¹°°ü¸®¹ý »ó ÁöÁ¤Æó±â¹°·Î ºÐ·ùµÇ´ÂÁö¸¦ ÆľÇÇϱâ À§ÇÑ 6°¡Áö Áß±Ý¼Ó Ç׸ñÀ» ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¹ÝÀԽñâ¿Í ÀûÄ¡À§Ä¡¿¡ µû¸¥ Ư¼ºÀÇ Â÷À̸¦ º¸±â À§ÇÑ ºÐ¼®µµ ÁøÇàÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±× °á°ú Ä«µå¹Å(Cd)°ú ºñ¼Ò(As)´Â °ËÃâµÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç 6°¡Å©·Ò(Cr6+), ±¸¸®(Cu), ³³(Pb), ¼öÀº(Hg)Àº °ËÃâµÇ¾ú´Ù. °ËÃâµÈ Ç׸ñ 4°¡Áö Áß±Ý¼Ó ¸ðµÎ ±âÁØÄ¡ À̳»ÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ºÐ¼®µÇ¾î SRFÀÇ ¿ø·á·Î¼­ Àû¿ë°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¹ÝÀԽñâ¿Í ÀûÄ¡À§Ä¡¿¡ µû¸¥ Ư¼ºÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î Æò°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ´ëÇüÆó±â¹°ÀÇ ±âŸÇùÀâ¹°ÀÇ SRF Ç°Áú±âÁØ Àû¿ë ½Ã, ½Ã·á P-6½Ã·áÀÇ ¼öºÐ ±âÁØÄ¡°¡ 28.12%À¸·Î ±âÁØÄ¡ 25%¸¦ ÃÊ°úÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃøÁ¤ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ½Ã·áäÃë Àü³¯ °­¿ì·Î ÀÎÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ¸·Î ÆǴܵǸç, ÀÌ´Â ¿ì¼ö¹æÁö½Ã¼³ µîÀ¸·Î ¼öºÐ Â÷´ÜÀÌ °¡´É ÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î »ç·áµÈ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¿¬·á·Î¼­ ¿¡³ÊÁöÈ¿À²À» °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ÀúÀ§¹ß¿­·® °ªÀÌ 3,893~4,213 kcal/kgÀ¸·Î ±âÁØÀ» ¸¸Á·Çϸç, ÀúÀ§¹ß¿­·® ÀÚüÀÇ º¯µ¿ÀÇ ÆøÀº Àû¾î ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¿¬·áÇ°Áú È®º¸°¡ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í »ç·áµÈ´Ù. ³ª¸ÓÁö Ç׸ñµéÀº ¸ðµÎ ±âÁØ¿¡ ¸¸Á·ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ SRFÇ°Áú±âÁØ¿¡ ´ëÇüÆó±â¹° ±âŸÇùÀâ¹°ÀÌ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î Æò°¡µÈ´Ù. ´ëÇüÆó±â¹° ±âŸÇùÀâ¹°°ú 1ȸ¿ë ºñ´ÒºÀÅõÀÇ È¥ÇÕºñÀ²¿¡ µû¸¥ SRFÇ°Áú±âÁØ ºÐ¼®°á°ú, [´ëÇüÆó±â¹° ±âŸÇùÀâ¹° : 1ȸ¿ë ºñ´ÒºÀÅõ] È¥ÇÕºñ 3:7, 5:5, 7:3ÀÇ °æ¿ì ¸ðµç Ç׸ñÀÌ ±âÁØ¿¡ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¿ì¸®³ª¶ó¼­ Àü·® ¼öÀԵǰí ÀÖ´Â ¿¬·á¿ë À¯¿¬Åº°ú ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¿¡³ÊÁöÈ¿À²À» °¡Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ºñÀ² µµÃâ°á°ú, 1ȸ¿ë ºñ´ÒºÀÅõÀÇ Ã·°¡ ºñÀ² Áõ°¡ ½Ã ÀúÀ§¹ß¿­·® °ªÀÌ ºñ·ÊÀûÀ¸·Î Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿©, ÃÖÁ¾ÀûÀ¸·Î [´ëÇüÆó±â¹° ±âŸÇùÀâ¹° : 1ȸ¿ë ºñ´ÒºÀÅõ] È¥ÇÕºñ 6:4¿¡¼­ ÀúÀ§¹ß¿­·® °ªÀÌ ¾à 5,950 kcal/kgÀ¸·Î µµÃâ ÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î »ç·áµÈ´Ù.

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This study investigated the correlation between sulfur poisoning degradation and operating conditions, such as H2S concentration, current density, steam supply, and fuel utilization, in Ni-YSZ anode supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The H2S contained in the fuel caused the cell voltage to drop rapidly. The voltage drop % was increased and saturated more rapidly under the higher H2S concentration condition (due to the higher sulfur coverage on the Ni surface). The secondary drop occurred only at the high H2S concentration (50 ppm). After supply H2S-free hydrogen fuel for 20 h, the cell voltage was not completely recovered. Because sulfur was not completely desorbed from Ni surface. Ni oxidation under high H2S concentration (50 ppm) was detected by FIB/SEM /EDS analysis. Ni oxidation at the outer layer of the Ni particle was caused by high sulfur coverage and high oxygen ion transported from the electrolyte. Voltage was more decreased under the higher current density (~ 714 mA/cm2) than under the low current density (~ 389 mA/cm2) at 100 ppm of H2S. The formation of Ni oxidation was associated with the current density condition (2nd voltage drop). Correlation between sulfur poisoning degradation and water content was investigated. The supply of steam alleviated the cell degradation in the initial voltage drop. The cell operating with high fuel utilization showed a much smaller initial voltage drop, in comparison with low fuel utilization. This study reveals that long-term degradation mechanism (NiO oxidation) is associated with the concentration of H2S and current density. H2S concentration, current density, water content, and fuel utilization are the most important factors affecting the cell stability and degradation under H2S containing fuel conditions.

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Reticulated vitreous carbons (RVCs) doped with low-cost catalysts such as PANI (polyaniline), FePc (iron(II) phthalocyanine)/PANI, and CuPc (copper phthalocyanine)/PANI were used as the cathodes in air-cathode microbial fuel cells (MFCs), using graphite felts as the anodes. The cyclic voltammograms (CV) indicated the electrochemical activity was considerably enhanced by the doping of the catalysts on the plain RVC material. The highest enhancement of electrochemical activity was obtained with FePc/PANI, followed by CuPc/PANI and PANI alone. The internal resistance was 136 §Ù when RVC doped with FePc/PANI was used as the cathode, which is the lowest, followed by RVCs coated with CuPc/PANI (211 §Ù), and PANI (739 §Ù). The maximum power density of 91.29 mW/m2 was obtained as the FePc/PANI coated RVC was used as the cathode. The COD removal and coulombic efficiency were also affected by the cathode materials. The highest COD removal and coulombic efficiencies were 98% and 26.7% in 7 days after substrate injection when the FePc/PANI coated RVC was used as the cathode. In conclusion, the FePc/PANI coated RVC was found to be the best alternative of the cathode materials tested in these experiments.

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 º» ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­´Â °í¾Ð ºñ-¿­ÆòÇü ÇöóÁ ¹ÝÀÀ±â¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ¸Þź¿Ã(Methanol, CH3OH) ¹× ¿¡Åº¿Ã(Ethanol, C2H6O)·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¼ö¼ÒÀÇ ¹ß»ý Ư¼ºÀ» Á¶»çÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ Ä³¸®¾î °¡½ºÀÎ Áú¼Ò(N2)¿Í »ê¼ÒÀÇ È¥ÇÕ ºñÀ²¿¡ µû¸¥ ¼ö¼Ò¹ß»ý Ư¼º°ú, ¿ÀÁ¸ºÐÇØ Ã˸ÅÀÎ ÀÌ»êÈ­¸Á°£(MnO2)¾çÀÇ º¯È­¿¡ µû¸¥ ¼ö¼Ò¹ß»ý·®ÀÇ Æ¯¼ºÀ» ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ°í ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÇöóÁ¸¦ ¹ß»ý½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇØ ¹ÝÀÀ±â¿¡ °ø±ÞµÇ´Â Àü¿øÀÇ Á¾·ù¿¡ µû¸¥ ¼ö¼Ò¹ß»ý Ư¼ºÀ» Á¶»çÇÏ¿´´Ù.

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