- China and WTO liberalization: Imports, tariffs and non-tariff barriers
- Imbruno, M. | China economic review (v.38 / pp.222-237 / 20161043-951x)
- This paper explores the effectiveness of different trade policy instruments on product-level Chinese imports over the period of 2000-2006. More specifically, in addition
초록보기원문보기 >
This paper explores the effectiveness of different trade policy instruments on product-level Chinese imports over the period of 2000-2006. More specifically, in addition to the declines in tariffs, we investigate the impact on imports of the gradual removal of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) as agreed within the WTO's accession protocol in 2001 (such as import quotas, licenses and tendering requirements). We document that while manufacturing imports mainly increase because of tariff cuts, agricultural imports grow due to the elimination of import licenses. However, we provide evidence that quota elimination is associated with a redistribution of imports along a larger range of countries, whereas tendering liberalization is connected to an import reallocation from OECD to non-OECD countries. Finally, we also find that NTB protection is complementary to tariff protection and discriminating against foreign-owned manufacturing firms.
- Thermodynamics and kinetics of the growth mechanism of vapor-liquid-solid grown nanowires
- Koto, M. | Journal of crystal growth (v.424 / pp.49-54 / 20150022-0248)
- Nanowires are widely regarded as building blocks for next-generation devices because of their unique characteristics, particularly their morphology. The vapor-liquid-soli
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Nanowires are widely regarded as building blocks for next-generation devices because of their unique characteristics, particularly their morphology. The vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) system has attracted much attention as a standard method for obtaining nanowires. Although there are many studies, the VLS mechanism is still not fully understood. We have investigated the thermodynamics and kinetics of the VLS growth mechanism, focusing on the composition of the catalyst and reaction species. We elucidated the definition of the chemical potential of each phase based on the phase diagram and the origin of the phase transition driving force, particularly between the liquid and solid phases. The equilibrium state can be altered by the reaction species composition, the shape factor, nanowire diameter, which changes the chemical potential of the liquid phase. In addition, we show the flow of the particles of the reaction species and the relationship with the chemical potential during steady state growth.
- Uncertainties on CMMs by Applying a Model of Corrections Based on a Global Metric, Monte Carlo and Neural Network Methods
- Raya, F.J., Cuesta, E., Martinez-Pellitero, S., Barreiro, J. | Procedia engineering (v.132 / pp.796-803 / 2015)
- This paper is aimed at increasing knowledge about uncertainties of measurements on Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) by applying a model of corrections based on combin
초록보기원문보기 >
This paper is aimed at increasing knowledge about uncertainties of measurements on Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) by applying a model of corrections based on combining a Global Metric procedure, a Monte Carlo statistical analysis and a Neural Network method that links and commands both items. In fact, this paper analyses general criteria for using a variant of Monte Carlo method ( pi;-Monte Carlo) not only in propagating uncertainties, but also as methodology using numerical simulation for collecting necessary information for such propagation. Viewpoint presented here provides a model that stands out with contributions to uncertainty of CMM in use, making it a task-oriented calibration alternative methodology applied to CMM with special guidance to industry.
- Measuring The Economic Impact Of Ssb Taxes In Brazil: An Input-Output Analysis
- Balbinotto, G., Cardoso, L. | Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (v.19 / no.3 / pp.A101 / 20161098-3015)
- The research reported here examines the ability of a sample of Midwest township officials to produce low-volume rural road services in an economically efficient manner. F
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- Parvovirus B19 Passive Transmission by Transfusion of Intercept? Blood System-Treated Platelet Concentrate
- Gowland, Peter, Fontana, Stefano, Stolz, Martin, Andina, Nicola, Niederhauser, Christoph | Transfusion medicine and hemotherapy : offizielles Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft fu n.ruml; Transfusionsmedizin und Immunha n.muml;atologie (v.43 / no.3 / pp.198-202 / 20161660-3796)
- Background: Pathogen reduction methods for blood components are effective for a large number of viruses though less against small, non-enveloped viruses such as Parvovir
초록보기원문보기 >
Background: Pathogen reduction methods for blood components are effective for a large number of viruses though less against small, non-enveloped viruses such as Parvovirus B19 (B19V). This article describes the passive transmission by transfusion of two B19V-contaminated pooled platelet concentrates (PCs) which were treated with the Intercept? blood pathogen reduction system. Case Reports: Two transfusion cases of B19V-contaminated Intercept-treated pooled PCs were described. Due to the analysis delay, the PCs were already transfused. The viral content of each donation was 4.87 × 10 10 IU/ml in case 1and 1.46 × 10 8 IU/ml in case 2. B19V (52 IU/ml) was detected in the recipient of the case 1 PC, whereas no virus could be detected in the case 2 PC recipient. A B19V IgM response and a transient boost of the underlying B19V IgG immune status and was observed in recipient 1. Recipient of the case 2 PC remained B19V IgG- and IgM-negative. B19V DNA sequence and phylogenetic analysis revealed a 100% homology between donor and recipient. Conclusion: This report describes passive B19V transmission by a PC with very high B19 viral load which elicited a transient boost of the B19V immunity, but not by a PC with a lower B19V content, suggesting that there is a B19 viral load threshold value at which B19V inactivation is exceeded.
- The influence of the Japanese tea ceremony on Japanese restaurant hospitality
- Sato, Yoshinobu, Parry, Mark E. | The journal of consumer marketing (v.32 / no.7 / pp.520-529 / 20150736-3761)
- Purpose ndash; Recent discussions of value-in-use from the perspective of service dominant logic have focused on the customer rsquo;s determination of value and control
초록보기원문보기 >
Purpose ndash; Recent discussions of value-in-use from the perspective of service dominant logic have focused on the customer rsquo;s determination of value and control of the value creation process. The purpose of this paper is to extend these discussions by exploring the value creation process in the Japanese tea ceremony and in the kaiseki ryori style of Japanese cuisine, which is based on the Japanese tea ceremony. Design/methodology/approach ndash; A historical analysis is used to describe the history of the Japanese tea ceremony in Japan and its influence on Japanese culture. key principles underlying the Japanese tea ceremony and their relationship to Zen Buddhism are summarized and the ways in which these principles are reflected in the service provided by Japanese restaurants are explored. Findings ndash; The two elite restaurants examined in this analysis have designed their service experience to reflect four principles of the tea ceremony: the expression of seasonal feelings, the use of everyday items, ritualized social interactions, and the equality of host and guest. Given these principles, we argue that the tea ceremony and restaurants based on this ceremony imply a co-creation process that is different in three important ways from the process discussed in the co-creation literature. First, the tea ceremony involves dual experiential-value-creation processes. Both the master and the customer experience value-in-use during the delivery of kaiseki cuisine, and the value-in-use each receives is critically dependent on that received by the other. Second, the degree to which value-in-use is created for both parties (the customer and the master) depends on the master rsquo;s customization of the service experience based on his knowledge of the customer and that customer rsquo;s with the tea ceremony, kaiseki ryori cuisine and Japanese culture. Research limitations/implications ndash; We hypothesize that the dual experiential-value-creation model is potentially relevant whenever the service process contains an element of artistic creation. Potential examples include concerts, recitals, theatre performances and art exhibitions, as well as more mundane situations in which the service provider derives value-in-use from aesthetic appreciations of the service provider rsquo;s art. Originality/value ndash; Recent discussions of value co-creation argue that the customer controls the value creation process and the determination of value. The authors argue that the tea ceremony can serve as a metaphor for value co-creation in service contexts where the customer rsquo;s value creation process depends on the creation of value-in-use by the service provider.
- The importance of imagination (or lack thereof) in artificial, human and quantum decision making
- Gustafson, Karl | Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences (v.374 / no.2058 / pp.20150097-20150097 / 20161364-503x)
- Enlarging upon experiments and analysis that I did jointly some years ago, in which artificial (symbolic, neural-net and pattern) learning and generalization were compare
초록보기원문보기 >
Enlarging upon experiments and analysis that I did jointly some years ago, in which artificial (symbolic, neural-net and pattern) learning and generalization were compared with that of humans, I will emphasize the role of imagination (or lack thereof) in artificial, human and quantum cognition and decision-making processes. Then I will look in more detail at some of the #x2018;engineering details #x2019; of its implementation (or lack thereof) in each of these settings. In other words, the question posed is: What is actually happening? For example, we previously found that humans overwhelmingly seek, create or imagine context in order to provide meaning when presented with abstract, apparently incomplete, contradictory or otherwise untenable decision-making situations. Humans are intolerant of contradiction and will greatly simplify to avoid it. They can partially correlate but do not average. Human learning is not Boolean. These and other human reasoning properties will then be taken to critique how well artificial intelligence methods and quantum mechanical modelling might compete with them in decision-making tasks within psychology and economics.
- Biological interaction of living cells with COSAN-based synthetic vesicles
- Tarr eacute, s, M agrave, rius, Canetta, Elisabetta, Paul, Eleanor, Forbes, Jordan, Azzouni, Karima, Vi ntilde, as, Clara, Teixidor, Francesc, Harwood, Adrian J. | Scientific reports (v.5 / pp.7804 / 2015)
- Cobaltabisdicarbollide (COSAN) [3,3 prime;-Co(1,2-C 2 B 9 H 11 ) 2 ] minus; , is a complex boron-based anion that has the unusual property of self-assembly int
초록보기원문보기 >
Cobaltabisdicarbollide (COSAN) [3,3 prime;-Co(1,2-C 2 B 9 H 11 ) 2 ] minus; , is a complex boron-based anion that has the unusual property of self-assembly into membranes and vesicles. These membranes have similar dimensions to biological membranes found in cells, and previously COSAN has been shown to pass through synthetic lipid membranes and those of living cells without causing breakdown of membrane barrier properties. Here, we investigate the interaction of this inorganic membrane system with living cells. We show that COSAN has no immediate effect on cell viability, and cells fully recover when COSAN is removed following exposure for hours to days. COSAN elicits a range of cell biological effects, including altered cell morphology, inhibition of cell growth and, in some cases, apoptosis. These observations reveal a new biology at the interface between inorganic, synthetic COSAN membranes and naturally occurring biological membranes.
- Effect of Crystallinity on the Wettability of Petroleum Coke by Coal Tar Pitch
- Sarkar, Arunima, Kocaefe, Duygu, Kocaefe, Yasar, Bhattacharyay, Dipankar, Sarkar, Dilip, Morais, Brigitte | Energy fuels : an American Chemical Society journal (v.30 / no.4 / pp.3549-3558 / 20160887-0624)
- Undercalcined coke gained interest as raw material for anodes used in aluminum production since it is reported in the literature that anodes produced with this coke might
초록보기원문보기 >
Undercalcined coke gained interest as raw material for anodes used in aluminum production since it is reported in the literature that anodes produced with this coke might have lower CO 2 reactivity in the electrolytic cell. For any anode-grade coke, it is important to identify a suitable pitch which will bond well with that coke during baking and yield dense anodes. The wettability of petroleum coke by molten pitch indicates the quality of bonding between them and influences the final anode properties. In this study, the effect of coke crystallinity on its wettability by pitch has been studied using the sessile-drop test. Also, the chemical and physical properties of coke and pitch have been studied using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the coke physical and chemical properties depend on its calcination temperature and, thereby, greatly affect the wetting properties. The study showed that the wettability of coke by pitch increases with decreasing crystalline length. The presence of porosity, C #58875;C bonds, C #58875;O, COO, and heteroatoms (O and N) are important factors which control the wetting of coke by pitch.
- Emergence of reticuloendotheliosis virus in pigeons in Guangdong Province, Southern China
- Zhai, S. L., Chen, S. N., Lin, T., Wen, X. H., Wei, W. K., Lv, D. H., Chen, R. A. | Archives of virology (v.161 / no.7 / pp.2007-2011 / 20160304-8608)
- An electron-microscope study was performed on the avian reticuloendotheliosis virus, strain T (REV), in thin-section and by the technique of negative staining (PTA). A se
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- Sustainability in food service supply chains: future expectations from European industry experts toward the environmental perspective
- Darkow, Inga-Lena, Foerster, Bernadette, von der Gracht, Heiko A. | Supply chain management (v.20 / no.2 / pp.163-178 / 20151359-8546)
- Purpose ndash; This study aims to examine the management of food supply chains in complex and volatile business environments, where the sustainability requirements of c
초록보기원문보기 >
Purpose ndash; This study aims to examine the management of food supply chains in complex and volatile business environments, where the sustainability requirements of customers and legislation are increasing. This challenging situation gives rise to the question as to how a logistics company can achieve and sustain competitive advantage through environmentally-oriented sustainability. Design/methodology/approach ndash; This empirical study gathers insights on emerging practices in European food service supply chains from two parallel Delphi surveys conducted with 145 industry experts from 27 countries. The long-term industry expectations of a leading provider in food service logistics are compared with an industry-wide external panel. The questions were designed to understand how managers perceive the emerging domain of sustainability in supply chains. Findings ndash; Environmentally oriented sustainability will remain a key driver of success in the field. However, after applying the dominant logic concept for analyzing results, it becomes apparent that managers have to continuously challenge internal existing expectations to translate an emerging domain into strategy. We show how the senior management team under investigation was challenged in its dominant logic and how it tried to overcome this situation during strategy development. Originality/value ndash; The study shows how managers perceive and cope with the emerging domain of environmentally oriented sustainability, how they translate it into strategy, and utilize resources for creating customer value. The research supports managers in adapting to new competitive environments. Furthermore, the study contributes by visualizing the dominant logic of a firm and the approach of top management for adjustment.
- Sudden death associated with QT interval prolongation and KCNQ1 gene mutation in a family of English Springer Spaniels.
- Ware, W A, Reina-Doreste, Y, Stern, J A, Meurs, K M | Journal of veterinary internal medicine (v.29 / no.2 / pp.561-568 / 20150891-6640)
- A 5-year-old, healthy English Springer Spaniel died suddenly 4?months after delivering a litter of 7 puppies. Within 4?months of the dam #039;s death, 3 offspring also di
초록보기원문보기 >
A 5-year-old, healthy English Springer Spaniel died suddenly 4?months after delivering a litter of 7 puppies. Within 4?months of the dam #039;s death, 3 offspring also died suddenly.
- Chloride capping of CdTiO3 for higher crystallinity and enhanced photocatalytic activity
- Shah, Zameer Hussain, Ge, Yuzhen, Lin, Xijie, Xiu, Jinghai, Zhang, Shufen, Lu, Rongwen | Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP (v.18 / no.3 / pp.1637-1643 / 20161463-9076)
- The crystallinity of cadmium titanate (CdTiO 3 ) was greatly improved when synthesized under mild reaction conditions, in the presence of chloride. The highly crystalli
초록보기원문보기 >
The crystallinity of cadmium titanate (CdTiO 3 ) was greatly improved when synthesized under mild reaction conditions, in the presence of chloride. The highly crystalline CdTiO 3 showed much enhanced photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) under simulated sunlight. CdTiO 3 was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), N 2 adsorption/desorption, photoluminescence (PL), and UV/vis spectrometry. The enhanced photodegradation was attributed to the better charge separation owing to its higher crystallinity. Graphic Abstract The crystallinity of cadmium titanate (CdTiO 3 ) was greatly improved when synthesized under mild reaction conditions, in the presence of chloride.
- Semi-crystalline terpolymers with varying chain sequence structures derived from CO2, cyclohexene oxide and ?-caprolactone: one-step synthesis catalyzed by tri-zinc complexes
- Xu, Y., Wang, S., Lin, L., Xiao, M., Meng, Y. | Polymer chemistry (v.6 / no.9 / pp.1533-1540 / 20151759-9954)
- A series of poly(oligooxyethyleneoxy-1,2-phenylene)s having the formula [graphic omitted] where n = 2, 3 and 5, have been synthesised with molecular weights of ca. 1
원문보기 >
- Equitable and progressive distance-based user charges design and evaluation of income-based mileage fees in Maryland
- Yang, D., Kastrouni, E., Zhang, L. | Transport policy (v.47 / pp.169-177 / 20160967-070x)
- As a result of the declining purchasing power of fuel tax revenues, the Highway Trust Fund (HTF) is currently insufficient to maintain and expand the U.S. surface transpo
초록보기원문보기 >
As a result of the declining purchasing power of fuel tax revenues, the Highway Trust Fund (HTF) is currently insufficient to maintain and expand the U.S. surface transportation system. Alternative revenue sources should be considered to address the insolvency of the current funding system. Mileage fees and value pricing have long been attractive options to researchers and decision-makers, but they often raise concerns of equity. This paper aims to design and evaluate equitable and progressive distance-based user fee policies, focusing specifically on income-based fee rate structures. In addition to equity, the policy design criteria must also include practicality, simplicity, revenue generation, and a consideration of the design's impact on surrounding jurisdictions. Three variable-rate vehicle-miles-traveled (VMT) fee scenarios with respect to income are introduced: Ramsey pricing, fixed-interval incremental, and fixed-percentage incremental structures. All policy scenarios are tested with a statewide transportation model in Maryland. Results show that income-based VMT fees can better protect lower-income households while generating additional revenue; however, a standard fee structure based on Ramsey pricing, or the inverse-elasticity rule, does not work as well as the fixed-interval incremental fee structure. The latter is progressive across all income groups while ensuring that equity and revenue goals are met.
- An Organic Chemistry Exercise in Information Literacy Using SciFinder
- Swoger, Bonnie J. M., Helms, Eric | Journal of chemical education (v.92 / no.4 / pp.668-671 / 20150021-9584)
- Working collaboratively, chemistry faculty members and librarians developed an exercise to introduce students in a large organic chemistry course to SciFinder and the che
초록보기원문보기 >
Working collaboratively, chemistry faculty members and librarians developed an exercise to introduce students in a large organic chemistry course to SciFinder and the chemical literature. Students learn fundamental concepts about the nature of the scientific literature through preclass readings, a preclass assignment, and an in-class discussion. Once students are familiar with several types of scientific literature (research articles, review articles, news articles) and peer review, they can more effectively search SciFinder to find scientific information. During class, students explore chemical data (including spectra) and learn to use SciFinder rsquo;s natural language interface for searching the chemical literature. Assessment results demonstrated that students were learning about SciFinder for the first time and were impressed with the information available. Students were also successful at distinguishing between article types and recalling several methods of searching SciFinder. ACS Electronic Supporting Info
- Community rescue in experimental metacommunities
- Low-De #x0301, carie, Etienne, Kolber, Marcus, Homme, Paige, Lofano, Andrea, Dumbrell, Alex, Gonzalez, Andrew, Bell, Graham | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (v.112 / no.46 / pp.14307-14312 / 20150027-8424)
- Significance Global environmental change is challenging the adaptive capacity of entire ecological communities. Community rescue occurs when populations within a communi
초록보기원문보기 >
Significance Global environmental change is challenging the adaptive capacity of entire ecological communities. Community rescue occurs when populations within a community evolve in response to an environmental stress that was initially lethal to all the constituent organisms. We studied how communities of soil microbes can extend the area they occupy to include conditions that were initially lethal, and how these communities can persist despite the degradation of environmental conditions. Our results suggest that entire communities have the potential to adapt to severe environmental stress. Community rescue is promoted by the initial diversity in the community, is more frequent among communities that have previously experienced intermediate sublethal levels of stress, and is facilitated by the dispersal of organisms across the landscape. The conditions that allow biodiversity to recover following severe environmental degradation are poorly understood. We studied community rescue, the recovery of a viable community through the evolutionary rescue of many populations within an evolving community, in metacommunities of soil microbes adapting to a herbicide. The metacommunities occupied a landscape of crossed spatial gradients of the herbicide (Dalapon) and a resource (glucose), whereas their constituent communities were either isolated or connected by dispersal. The spread of adapted communities across the landscape and the persistence of communities when that landscape was degraded were strongly promoted by dispersal, and the capacity to adapt to lethal stress was also related to community size and initial diversity. After abrupt and lethal stress, community rescue was most frequent in communities that had previously experienced sublethal levels of stress and had been connected by dispersal. Community rescue occurred through the evolutionary rescue of both initially common taxa, which remained common, and of initially rare taxa, which grew to dominate the evolved community. Community rescue may allow productivity and biodiversity to recover from severe environmental degradation.
- Oxygen and hydrogen profiles and electrical properties of unintentionally doped gallium nitride grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy
- Garbe, Valentin, Abendroth, Barbara, St ouml, cker, Hartmut, Gavrilov, Arkadi, Cohen #8208, Elias, Doron, Mehari, Shlomo, Ritter, Dan, Meyer, Dirk C. | Crystal research and technology (v.50 / no.6 / 20150232-1300)
- As a consequence of the growth process, undoped commercially available GaN epi layers possess unintentionally incorporated dopants. Electrical and optical methods reveal
초록보기원문보기 >
As a consequence of the growth process, undoped commercially available GaN epi layers possess unintentionally incorporated dopants. Electrical and optical methods reveal the doping level and mobility profile which correlates to oxygen impurity distribution and lattice strain
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