- Organic Chemistry in Action! What Is the Reaction?
- O rsquo, Dwyer, Anne, Childs, Peter | Journal of chemical education (v.92 / no.7 / pp.1159-1170 / 20150021-9584)
- The Organic Chemistry in Action! (OCIA!) program is a set of teaching resources designed to facilitate the teaching and learning of introductory level organic chemistry
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The Organic Chemistry in Action! (OCIA!) program is a set of teaching resources designed to facilitate the teaching and learning of introductory level organic chemistry. The OCIA! program was developed in collaboration with practicing and experienced chemistry teachers, using findings from Chemistry Education Research (CER). The program was developed as an alternative mode of teaching the prescribed high school organic chemistry curriculum in Ireland. The program aims to improve learners rsquo; attitudes towards, interest in and understanding of organic chemistry. The OCIA! program has been trialed with 87 students in six high schools. The effectiveness of the program was evaluated using three methods: feedback from the chemistry teachers in the experimental group ( n = 6), feedback from the students in the experimental group ( n = 87) and quasi-experimental comparison with students in a control group ( n = 117). The evaluation has shown that this project was effective in improving the students rsquo; attitudes towards, interest in and understanding of organic chemistry. This evaluation identifies the challenges and opportunities in implementing CER in designing Chemistry curricula for high school classrooms. The integration of CER in practice requires collaboration between all parties responsible for designing, teaching and assessing school Chemistry. It is hoped that the evidence from this intervention can be used to encourage the use of evidence-based best practice in high school chemistry classes internationally. The approach is also useful for introductory organic chemistry courses at university. Graphic Abstract ACS Electronic Supporting Info
- Spectrometers for RF breakdown studies for CLIC
- Jacewicz, M., Ziemann, V., Ekelof, T., Dubrovskiy, A., Ruber, R. | Nuclear instruments methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment (v.828 / pp.63-71 / 20160168-9002)
- An e + e - collider of several TeV energy will be needed for the precision studies of any new physics discovered at the LHC collider at CERN. One promising candidate
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An e + e - collider of several TeV energy will be needed for the precision studies of any new physics discovered at the LHC collider at CERN. One promising candidate is CLIC, a linear collider which is based on a two-beam acceleration scheme that efficiently solves the problem of power distribution to the acceleration structures. The phenomenon that currently prevents achieving high accelerating gradients in high energy accelerators such as the CLIC is the electrical breakdown at very high electrical field. The ongoing experimental work within the CLIC collaboration is trying to benchmark the theoretical models focusing on the physics of vacuum breakdown which is responsible for the discharges. In order to validate the feasibility of accelerating structures and observe the characteristics of the vacuum discharges and their eroding effects on the structure two dedicated spectrometers are now commissioned at the high-power test-stands at CERN. First, the so called Flashbox has opened up a possibility for non-invasive studies of the emitted breakdown currents during two-beam acceleration experiments. It gives a unique possibility to measure the energy of electrons and ions in combination with the arrival time spectra and to put that in context with accelerated beam, which is not possible at any of the other existing test-stands. The second instrument, a spectrometer for detection of the dark and breakdown currents, is operated at one of the 12GHz stand-alone test-stands at CERN. Built for high repetition rate operation it can measure the spatial and energy distributions of the electrons emitted from the acceleration structure during a single RF pulse. Two new analysis tools: discharge impedance tracking and tomographic image reconstruction, applied to the data from the spectrometer make possible for the first time to obtain the location of the breakdown inside the structure both in the transversal and longitudinal direction thus giving a more complete picture of the vacuum breakdown phenomenon.
- Surface organic chemistry for application to organic electronics
- Ko, S., Han, G., Lee, J.K. | Tetrahedron letters: the international organ for the rapid publication of preliminary communications in organic chemistry (v.56 / no.24 / pp.3721-3731 / 20150040-4039)
- This digest delineates the field of surface organic chemistry and provides representative examples. Surface organic chemistry not only includes the formation of self-asse
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This digest delineates the field of surface organic chemistry and provides representative examples. Surface organic chemistry not only includes the formation of self-assembled monolayers and interfacial chemical reactions on these monolayers, but also involves tuning the physicochemical properties of bulk metal surfaces at the molecular level to achieve a targeted result. Notable synergistic effects for organic electronics can be achieved through lateral and vertical control of the chemical compositions on metal surfaces. Herein, several recent research results in the field are discussed with regard to their utility in electronic applications.
- Injection therapies for Achilles tendinopathy.
- Kearney, Rebecca S, Parsons, Nick, Metcalfe, David, Costa, Matthew L | The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (v.2015 / no.5 / pp.010960 / 2015)
- Achilles tendinopathy is a common condition, often with significant functional consequences. As a wide range of injection treatments are available, a review of randomised
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Achilles tendinopathy is a common condition, often with significant functional consequences. As a wide range of injection treatments are available, a review of randomised trials evaluating injection therapies to help inform treatment decisions is warranted.
- Chloride penetration into concrete in an offshore platform-analysis of exposure conditions
- Medeiros-Junior, R.A.d., Lima, M.G.d., Brito, P.C.d., Medeiros, M.H.F.d. | Ocean engineering (v.103 / pp.78-87 / 20150029-8018)
- The chloride penetration in three different exposure zones (Atmospheric, Splash and Tidal) of an offshore concrete platform in the year 2000 and 2005 was analyzed. Chlori
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The chloride penetration in three different exposure zones (Atmospheric, Splash and Tidal) of an offshore concrete platform in the year 2000 and 2005 was analyzed. Chlorides profiles for different orientations of the analyzed structure were also obtained. The apparent diffusion coefficients and surface chloride contents of concrete specimens were determined by curve fitting of chloride profiles in chloride penetration models based in diffusion. Increase in the chlorides ingress with exposure time was verified and microclimatic factors such as exposure to wind and wetting and drying cycles were the main responsible for the behavior of obtained chloride profiles.
- Energy flow modeling and real-time control design basing on mean values for maximizing driving mileage of a fuel cell bus
- Xu, L., Li, J., Ouyang, M. | International journal of hydrogen energy (v.40 / no.43 / pp.15052-15066 / 20150360-3199)
- This paper proposes an energy flow model and an optimal energy management strategy based on mean values for maximizing driving mileage of a fuel cell bus (FCB), which is
초록보기원문보기 >
This paper proposes an energy flow model and an optimal energy management strategy based on mean values for maximizing driving mileage of a fuel cell bus (FCB), which is powered by a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell system and a lithium battery. Firstly, an energy flow model describing the relations between vehicle performance and power flow parameters is quantitatively established. An optimization problem for maximizing driving mileage on a predetermined route is defined, and an analytical solution with clear physical meanings is derived. Next, a practical real-time supervisory Energy Management strategy basing on Mean Values (EMMV) is proposed. The strategy, which doesn't require a priori knowledge of the driving trip, is then compared with several well-known strategies, e.g. charge depleting and charge-sustaining (CDCS), Blended, dynamic programming (DP), and Pontryagin's Minimum Principle (PMP). Simulation results show that, the proposed strategy achieves a near-optimal effect, and converges after one driving cycle on a predetermined bus route. Finally, on-road testing is carried out. The proposed strategy achieves an average endurance mileage on a real bus route of 162 km with a usable battery state of charge (SOC) of 90% and 20 kg hydrogen gas for a fully loaded fuel cell city bus.
- Survival or growth of inoculated Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on yellow onions (Allium cepa) under conditions simulating food service and consumer handling and storage.
- Lieberman, Vanessa M, Zhao, Irene Y, Schaffner, Donald W, Danyluk, Michelle D, Harris, Linda J | Journal of food protection (v.78 / no.1 / pp.42-50 / 20150362-028x)
- Whole and diced yellow onions (Allium cepa) were inoculated with five-strain cocktails of rifampin-resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7 or Salmonella and stored under condi
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Whole and diced yellow onions (Allium cepa) were inoculated with five-strain cocktails of rifampin-resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7 or Salmonella and stored under conditions to simulate food service or consumer handling. The inoculum was grown in broth (for both whole and diced onion experiments) or on agar plates (for whole onion experiments). Marked circles (3.3 cm in diameter) on the outer papery skin of whole onions were spot inoculated (10 관l in 10 drops) at 7 log CFU per circle, and onions were stored at 4 #176;C, 30 to 50 % relative humidity, or at ambient conditions (23 #176;C, 30 to 50 % relative humidity). Diced onions were inoculated at 3 log CFU/g and then stored in open or closed containers at 4 #176;C or ambient conditions. Previously inoculated and ambient-stored diced onions were also mixed 1:9 (wt/wt) with refrigerated uninoculated freshly diced onions and stored in closed containers at ambient conditions. Inoculated pathogens were recovered in 0.1 % peptone and plated onto selective and nonselective media supplemented with 50 관g/ml rifampin. Both E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella populations declined more rapidly on onion skins when the inoculum was prepared in broth rather than on agar. Agar-prepared E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella declined by 0.4 and 0.3 log CFU per sample per day, respectively, at ambient conditions; at 4 #176;C the rates of reduction were 0.08 and 0.06 log CFU per sample per day for E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella, respectively. Populations of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella did not change over 6 days of storage at 4 #176;C in diced onions. Lag times of 6 to 9 h were observed with freshly inoculated onion at ambient conditions; no lag was observed when previously inoculated and uninoculated onions were mixed. Growth rates at ambient conditions were 0.2 to 0.3 log CFU/g/h for E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in freshly inoculated onion and 0.2 log CFU/g/h in mixed product. Diced onions support pathogen growth and should be kept refrigerated.
- Mechanisms before Reactions: A Mechanistic Approach to the Organic Chemistry Curriculum Based on Patterns of Electron Flow
- Flynn, Alison B., Ogilvie, William W. | Journal of chemical education (v.92 / no.5 / pp.803-810 / 20150021-9584)
- A significant redesign of the introductory organic chemistry curriculum at the authors rsquo; institution is described. There are two aspects that differ greatly from a t
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A significant redesign of the introductory organic chemistry curriculum at the authors rsquo; institution is described. There are two aspects that differ greatly from a typical functional group approach. First, organic reaction mechanisms and the electron-pushing formalism are taught before students have learned a single reaction. The conservation of electrons, atoms, and formal charges, how the use of curved arrows helps describe the mechanism, and how to predict reaction mechanisms are emphasized. Second, the reactions taught in the first two semesters of organic chemistry are arranged by their governing mechanism, rather than by functional group. The reactions are taught in order of increasing difficulty, beginning with acid ndash;base reactions, followed by simple additions to pi; electrophiles, and ending the first semester with addition to pi; nucleophiles, including aromatic chemistry. The reactions in the second organic semester begin with elimination reactions, then substitutions, and finally more complex pi; nucleophile mechanisms (e.g., aldol reaction) and pi; electrophile reactions (e.g., acetals). Ultimately, the goal is for students to learn and interpret reactions based on their patterns of reactivity, allowing them to analyze, predict, and explain new reactions. In principle, a mechanistic method is more general, easier to understand, and provides a better way to achieve a deep understanding of chemical reactivity. Chemical reactions follow patterns, and these patterns can allow a chemist to predict how a chemical will behave, even if they have never seen a particular reaction before. Visualizing reactivity as a collection of patterns in electron movement is a more powerful and systematic way to approach learning in organic chemistry. It still requires some memorization, but because the course organization is directly linked to reaction patterns, deeper learning in the discipline is possible. Graphic Abstract
- A Guided Inquiry Liquid/Liquid Extractions Laboratory for Introductory Organic Chemistry
- Raydo, Margaret L., Church, Megan S., Taylor, Zane W., Taylor, Christopher E., Danowitz, Amy M. | Journal of chemical education (v.92 / no.1 / pp.139-142 / 20150021-9584)
- A guided inquiry laboratory experiment for teaching liquid/liquid extractions to first semester undergraduate organic chemistry students is described. This laboratory is
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A guided inquiry laboratory experiment for teaching liquid/liquid extractions to first semester undergraduate organic chemistry students is described. This laboratory is particularly useful for introductory students as the analytes that are separated are highly colored dye molecules. This allows students to track into which phase each analyte partitions and allows them to determine if they have successfully separated a mixture of two dyes. During the first part of this experiment, students determine how the partitioning of the various analytes changes as a function of the pH of the aqueous layer. They use these data to determine appropriate solvents for separating mixtures of dyes. After students have learned about the theory and practice of liquid/liquid extractions using dyes, they then separate and identify an unknown simulated cutting agent from a simulated drug. This experiment provides students with a better understanding of the theory and practice of liquid/liquid extractions, and introduces them to a real-world application of this technique. Graphic Abstract ACS Electronic Supporting Info
- The view from outside : On a distinctively cinematic achievement
- De Caro, Mario, Terrone, Enrico | Philosophy social criticism (v.42 / no.2 / pp.154-170 / 20160191-4537)
- What aesthetic interest do we have in watching films? In a much debated paper, Roger Scruton argued that this interest typically comes down to the interest in the dramati
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What aesthetic interest do we have in watching films? In a much debated paper, Roger Scruton argued that this interest typically comes down to the interest in the dramatic representations recorded by such films. Berys Gaut and Catharine Abell criticized Scruton #x2019;s argument by claiming that films can elicit an aesthetic interest also by virtue of their pictorial representation. In this article, we develop a different criticism of Scruton #x2019;s argument. In our view, a film can elicit an aesthetic interest that does not come down to an interest in the dramatic representation or in the pictorial representation. We will argue that this is a distinctively cinematic interest. In section I we outline Scruton #x2019;s argument. In section II we point out an interest in how the cinematic medium presents the portrayed subject as detached from the spectator #x2019;s environment. In section III, by referring to Wittgenstein #x2019;s account of the contemplation from outside, we contend that the interest in films introduced in section II can count as an aesthetic interest. In section IV we argue that both documentaries and fiction films can elicit this kind of interest. In section V we compare the three different kinds of aesthetic interest that, in our view, a film can elicit. In section VI we describe the corresponding kinds of cinematic achievements.
- Transcriptome Analysis Comparison of Lipid Biosynthesis in the Leaves and Developing Seeds of Brassica napus.
- Chen, Jie, Tan, Ren-Ke, Guo, Xiao-Juan, Fu, Zheng-Li, Wang, Zheng, Zhang, Zhi-Yan, Tan, Xiao-Li | PloS one (v.10 / no.5 / pp.0126250 / 2015)
- Brassica napus seed is a lipid storage organ containing approximately 40% oil, while its leaves contain many kinds of lipids for many biological roles, but the overall am
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Brassica napus seed is a lipid storage organ containing approximately 40% oil, while its leaves contain many kinds of lipids for many biological roles, but the overall amounts are less than in seeds. Thus, lipid biosynthesis in the developing seeds and the leaves is strictly regulated which results the final difference of lipids. However, there are few reports about the molecular mechanism controlling the difference in lipid biosynthesis between developing seeds and leaves. In this study, we tried to uncover this mechanism by analyzing the transcriptome data for lipid biosynthesis. The transcriptome data were de novo assembled and a total of 47,216 unigenes were obtained, which had an N50 length and median of 1271 and 755 bp, respectively. Among these unigenes, 36,368 (about 77.02%) were annotated and there were 109 up-regulated unigenes and 72 down-regulated unigenes in the developing seeds lipid synthetic pathway after comparing with leaves. In the oleic acid pathway, 23 unigenes were up-regulated and four unigenes were down-regulated. During triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis, the key unigenes were all up-regulated, such as phosphatidate phosphatase and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase. During palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid synthesis in leaves, the unigenes were nearly all up-regulated, which indicated that the biosynthesis of these particular fatty acids were more important in leaves. In the developing seeds, almost all the unigenes in the ABI3VP1, RKD, CPP, E2F-DP, GRF, JUMONJI, MYB-related, PHD and REM transcript factor families were up-regulated, which helped us to discern the regulation mechanism underlying lipid biosynthesis. The differential up/down-regulation of the genes and TFs involved in lipid biosynthesis in developing seeds and leaves provided direct evidence that allowed us to map the network that regulates lipid biosynthesis, and the identification of new TFs that are up-regulated in developing seeds will help us to further elucidate the lipids biosynthesis pathway in developing seeds and leaves.
- Organic matter chemistry controls greenhouse gas emissions from permafrost peatlands
- Sjogersten, S., Caul, S., Daniell, T.J., Jurd, A.P.S., O'Sullivan, O.S., Stapleton, C.S., Titman, J.J. | Soil biology biochemistry (v.98 / pp.42-53 / 20160038-0717)
- Large tracts of arctic and subarctic peatlands are underlain by permafrost. These peatlands store large quantities of carbon (C), and are currently under severe threat fr
초록보기원문보기 >
Large tracts of arctic and subarctic peatlands are underlain by permafrost. These peatlands store large quantities of carbon (C), and are currently under severe threat from climate change. The aim of this study was to determine the size and organic chemistry of the easily degradable C pool in permafrost peatlands and link the functional organic chemistry to temperature and moisture controls of greenhouse gas emissions. First, we used a combination of field measurements and laboratory experiments to assess the influence of increased temperature and flooding on CO 2 and CH 4 emissions from sixteen permafrost peatlands in subarctic Sweden and Canada. Second, we determined the variation in organic matter chemistry and the associated microbial community composition of the peat active layer, with depth using quantitative 13 C solid-state NMR and molecular biomarkers respectively. We demonstrate that the peat organic chemistry strongly controls CO 2 release from peat and that ca. 35 and 26% of the peat organic matter, at the Swedish and Canadian peatlands sites, respectively, is easily degradable by heterotrophic microorganisms. In contrast to CO 2 , CH 4 emissions were decoupled from peat functional organic chemistry. We show a strong relationship between the microbial community structure and the peat organic chemistry suggesting that substrate type and abundance is an important driver of microbial composition in sub-arctic peatlands. Despite considerable variation in peat chemistry and microbial community composition with depth the temperature sensitivity was comparable throughout the active layer. Our study shows that functional organic chemistry controls both soil respiration rates and the composition of the microbial community. Furthermore, if these peatlands collapse and flood on thawing, they are unlikely to become large emitters of CH 4 without additional input of labile substrates.
- Regulatory convergence and dispute settlement in the WTO
- Meagher, Niall | Journal of international trade law policy (v.14 / no.3 / pp.157-162 / 20151477-0024)
- Purpose ndash; This paper aims to examine the issues faced by the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system in disputes involving questions of regulatory
초록보기원문보기 >
Purpose ndash; This paper aims to examine the issues faced by the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system in disputes involving questions of regulatory convergence. The traditional focus of the WTO has been on increasing market access and eliminating discrimination in trade. Now, as tariffs have been all but eliminated and Members rarely impose obviously discriminatory trade barriers, attention increasingly turns to questions of regulatory convergence. Leaving aside questions as to the overall benefits of regulatory convergence between markets, these developments pose a significant challenge to the organs of the WTO dispute settlement ndash; and it is here that this paper focuses. Design/methodology/approach ndash; While General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)/WTO law has fairly well-developed tools for identifying discrimination in trade, the tools necessary for assessing whether regulatory measures maintain the requisite balance or proportionality between sovereign/domestic concerns and trade concerns are less clear. The paper discusses this latter point. Findings ndash; The WTO agreements are frequently not clear on where or how this balance between sovereign/domestic concerns and trade concerns is to be determined. To date, WTO panels and the Appellate Body have preferred to focus on whether they can identify any discriminatory aspects of a measure. However, they will increasingly be called to pronounce on non-discriminatory regulatory policy choices of Members. Originality/value ndash; This paper contributes to the literature on the Appellate Body, and argues that Members will need to develop a credible and consistent balance between policy space and trade restrictiveness.
- China and WTO liberalization: Imports, tariffs and non-tariff barriers
- Imbruno, M. | China economic review (v.38 / pp.222-237 / 20161043-951x)
- This paper explores the effectiveness of different trade policy instruments on product-level Chinese imports over the period of 2000-2006. More specifically, in addition
초록보기원문보기 >
This paper explores the effectiveness of different trade policy instruments on product-level Chinese imports over the period of 2000-2006. More specifically, in addition to the declines in tariffs, we investigate the impact on imports of the gradual removal of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) as agreed within the WTO's accession protocol in 2001 (such as import quotas, licenses and tendering requirements). We document that while manufacturing imports mainly increase because of tariff cuts, agricultural imports grow due to the elimination of import licenses. However, we provide evidence that quota elimination is associated with a redistribution of imports along a larger range of countries, whereas tendering liberalization is connected to an import reallocation from OECD to non-OECD countries. Finally, we also find that NTB protection is complementary to tariff protection and discriminating against foreign-owned manufacturing firms.
- Measuring Economic Abuse in the Lives of Survivors : Revising the Scale of Economic Abuse
- Postmus, Judy L., Plummer, Sara-Beth, Stylianou, Amanda M. | Violence against women (v.22 / no.6 / pp.692-703 / 20161077-8012)
- Recent attention has been given by researchers to understanding how abusers use economic abuse strategies. Unfortunately, limited measures are available to accurately und
초록보기원문보기 >
Recent attention has been given by researchers to understanding how abusers use economic abuse strategies. Unfortunately, limited measures are available to accurately understand the prevalence of economic abuse in the lives of survivors. Recently, researchers created the 28-item Scale of Economic Abuse (SEA) but further validation is needed. This article describes the psychometric evaluation of the SEA through confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses using data collected with 120 survivors of abuse. The findings provide evidence for the reliability and validity of the SEA-12 as a shorter instrument to measure economic abuse as a distinct form of abuse.
- Crystallinity effect on the structural relaxation of polyethylene naphtalate (PEN) by TSDC and DSC experiments
- Abdi, C., Khemici, M. W., Doulache, N. | IEEE transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation : a publication of the IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society (v.22 / no.3 / pp.1406-1414 / 20151070-9878)
- The effect of physical ageing process on the electrical and thermal properties of amorphous and semi-crystalline PEN was investigated by means of the thermally stimulated
초록보기원문보기 >
The effect of physical ageing process on the electrical and thermal properties of amorphous and semi-crystalline PEN was investigated by means of the thermally stimulated depolarization currents (TSDC) and the differential scannig calorimetry (DSC). The TSDC measurements revealed a significant decrease in the mobility of the molecular chains in the amorphous PEN (PEN a ), aged at a temperature T g -10K (T g is the glass transition temperature). This mobility is directly related to the polarisation corresponding to the main relaxation of the material. This phenomenon was also observed in the case of biaxially stretched PEN (PEN biax ). However, it is much less important in this case. The calorimetric technique (DSC) showed, in the case of PENa, that the effect of ageing is particularly important when the ageing time increases with a maximum effect for ageing temperature equal to T g -10 K. In the other side, no effect was observed on the semi crystalline PENbiax by the DSC technique unlike the TSDC technique. These results confirm again the high resolving power of this latter. Also, the effect of crystallinity on the structural relaxation of PEN was highlighted and is summeryzed as following : firstly, we have observed a decrease in the TSDC peak's intensity of the #x03B1;-relaxation and in the recovery enthalpy of the structural relaxation when the crystallinity rate increases. Secondly, an increase in the activation energy #x0394;h* with the increase in the crystallinity rate and a decrease in the limit fictive temperature T' f were observed.
- Cu-doped PbS thin films with low resistivity prepared via chemical bath deposition
- Zheng, X., Gao, F., Ji, F., Wu, H., Zhang, J., Hu, X., Xiang, Y. | Materials letters (v.167 / pp.128-130 / 20160167-577x)
- Cu-doped PbS thin films were deposited on glass substrates using a chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The effect of Cu doping concentration on the structural and elec
초록보기원문보기 >
Cu-doped PbS thin films were deposited on glass substrates using a chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The effect of Cu doping concentration on the structural and electrical properties of the PbS thin films was studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements reveal that all doped PbS thin films have a galena cubic structure and good crystallinity. Hall effect measurements show that Cu doping has an obvious influence on the carrier concentration, mobility, and resistivity of the PbS thin films. The carrier concentration increases from 3.49x10 15 cm -3 up to 4.26x10 18 cm -3 as the Cu concentration increases from 0 to 6.3at%. The lowest electrical resistivity of 0.15@?cm is obtained at 6.3at% Cu doping.
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