- Biological interaction of living cells with COSAN-based synthetic vesicles
- Tarr eacute, s, M agrave, rius, Canetta, Elisabetta, Paul, Eleanor, Forbes, Jordan, Azzouni, Karima, Vi ntilde, as, Clara, Teixidor, Francesc, Harwood, Adrian J. | Scientific reports (v.5 / pp.7804 / 2015)
- Cobaltabisdicarbollide (COSAN) [3,3 prime;-Co(1,2-C 2 B 9 H 11 ) 2 ] minus; , is a complex boron-based anion that has the unusual property of self-assembly int
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Cobaltabisdicarbollide (COSAN) [3,3 prime;-Co(1,2-C 2 B 9 H 11 ) 2 ] minus; , is a complex boron-based anion that has the unusual property of self-assembly into membranes and vesicles. These membranes have similar dimensions to biological membranes found in cells, and previously COSAN has been shown to pass through synthetic lipid membranes and those of living cells without causing breakdown of membrane barrier properties. Here, we investigate the interaction of this inorganic membrane system with living cells. We show that COSAN has no immediate effect on cell viability, and cells fully recover when COSAN is removed following exposure for hours to days. COSAN elicits a range of cell biological effects, including altered cell morphology, inhibition of cell growth and, in some cases, apoptosis. These observations reveal a new biology at the interface between inorganic, synthetic COSAN membranes and naturally occurring biological membranes.
- Chloride induced corrosion durability of high volume fly ash concretes containing nano particles
- Shaikh, F.U.A., Supit, S.W.M. | Construction building materials (v.99 / pp.208-225 / 20150950-0618)
- This paper presents experimental results on chloride induced corrosion and related durability properties such as chloride permeability, water sorptivity, chloride diffusi
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This paper presents experimental results on chloride induced corrosion and related durability properties such as chloride permeability, water sorptivity, chloride diffusion and porosity of ordinary concrete and high volume fly ash (HVFA) concretes containing nano silica (NS) and nano calcium carbonate (NC) particles as partial replacement of cement. The NS and NC are used as 2% and 1%, respectively by wt. of cement in the above concretes. Results show that the addition of NS and NC significantly improved the corrosion resistance of ordinary concrete and HVFA concretes in terms of lower corrosion currents, lower steel loss and longer time require to create corrosion induced crack. Sorptivity, chloride diffusivity and chloride permeability of above concretes also reduced significantly due to the addition of NS and NC, which correlate well with the corrosion tests. The addition of NS and NC also significantly reduced the capillary pores and gel pores of above concretes and also shifted the pore concentration towards the medium capillary pores. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) of above concretes also confirms the reduction of calcium hydroxide (CH) in the concretes containing nano particles, thus the formation of additional calcium-silicate-hydrate (CSH) gel in the system.
- Guest Editorial Solid-state Memristive Devices and Systems
- Prodromakis, Themis, Lu, Wei, Yang, Jianhua, Kavehei, Omid | IEEE journal on emerging and selected topics in circuits and systems (v.5 / no.2 / pp.121-122 / 20152156-3357)
- This special issue presents some of the latest developments in the field of solid-state memristive devices and systems and covers different aspects of practical memristiv
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This special issue presents some of the latest developments in the field of solid-state memristive devices and systems and covers different aspects of practical memristive devices and systems, including solid-state nanodevices, physical switching mechanisms, circuits, and emerging applications. This issue features a total of 16 contributed papers selected through a competitive peer-review process.
- The role of the Kantian imagination in realization-focused comparison
- Cornell, Drucilla | Philosophy social criticism (v.41 / no.1 / pp.21-28 / 20150191-4537)
- In this article I review Amaryta Sen #x2019;s powerful critique of transcendental institutionalism and his own #x2018;realization-focused comparison #x2019; as an altern
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In this article I review Amaryta Sen #x2019;s powerful critique of transcendental institutionalism and his own #x2018;realization-focused comparison #x2019; as an alternative way to think about justice. While deeply sympathetic with his critique of John Rawls I also argue that the role of the Kantian imagination is extremely important in figuring ideals of justice, which must guide #x2018;realization-focused comparison #x2019;. To do so I turn to Kant #x2019;s Critique of Judgment and his development of what he calls #x2018;aesthetic ideas #x2019; as ways of representing the great ideals such as freedom and equality, which can be aesthetically represented but never fully known.
- Fully Synthetic Self-Adjuvanting alpha;-2,9-Oligosialic Acid Based Conjugate Vaccines against Group C Meningitis
- Liao, Guochao, Zhou, Zhifang, Suryawanshi, Sharad, Mondal, Mohabul A., Guo, Zhongwu | ACS central science (v.2 / no.4 / pp.210-218 / 20162374-7943)
- alpha;-2,9-Polysialic acid is an important capsular polysaccharide expressed by serotype C Neisseria meningitidis . Its protein conjugates are current vaccines against
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alpha;-2,9-Polysialic acid is an important capsular polysaccharide expressed by serotype C Neisseria meningitidis . Its protein conjugates are current vaccines against group C meningitis. To address some concerns about traditional protein conjugate vaccines, a new type of fully synthetic vaccines composed of oligosialic acids and glycolipids was explored. In this regard, alpha;-2,9-linked di-, tri-, tetra-, and pentasialic acids were prepared and conjugated with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA). Immunological studies of the conjugates in C57BL/6J mouse revealed that they alone elicited robust immune responses comparable to that induced by corresponding protein conjugates plus adjuvant, suggesting the self-adjuvanting properties of MPLA conjugates. The elicited antibodies were mainly IgG2b and IgG2c, suggesting T cell dependent immunities. The antisera had strong and specific binding to alpha;-2,9-oligosialic acids and to group C meningococcal polysaccharide and cell, indicating the ability of antibodies to selectively target the bacteria. The antisera also mediated strong bactericidal activities. Structure ndash;activity relationship analysis of the MPLA conjugates also revealed that the immunogenicity of oligosialic acids decreased with elongated sugar chain, but all tested MPLA conjugates elicited robust immune responses. It is concluded that tri- and tetrasialic acid ndash;MPLA conjugates are worthy of further investigation as the first fully synthetic and self-adjuvanting vaccines against group C meningitis. Fully synthetic alpha;-2,9-oligosialic acid minus;monophosphoryl lipid A conjugates alone provoked robust T cell dependent immunities and are promising self-adjuvanting vaccines against group C meningitis. Graphic Abstract ACS Electronic Supporting Info
- Impurity-Mediated Early Condensation of a Charge Density Wave in an Atomic Wire Array
- Yeom, Han Woong, Oh, Deok Mahn, Wippermann, Stefan, Schmidt, Wolf Gero | ACS nano (v.10 / no.1 / pp.810-814 / 20161936-0851)
- We directly show how impurity atoms induce the condensation of a representative electronic phase, the charge density wave (CDW) phase, in atomic scale with scanning tunne
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We directly show how impurity atoms induce the condensation of a representative electronic phase, the charge density wave (CDW) phase, in atomic scale with scanning tunneling microscopy. Oxygen impurity atoms on the self-assembled metallic atomic wire array on a silicon crystal condense the CDW locally above the pristine transition temperature. More interestingly, the CDW along the wires is induced not by a single atomic impurity but by the cooperation of multiple impurities. First-principles calculations disclose the mechanism of the cooperation as the coherent superposition of the local lattice strain induced by impurities, stressing the coupled electronic and lattice degrees of freedom for the CDW. This opens the possibility of the strain engineering over electronic phases of atomic-scale systems. Graphic Abstract ACS Electronic Supporting Info
- Cross-cultural evolutionary psychology
- Apicella, C.L., Barrett, H.C. | Current opinion in psychology (v.7 / pp.92-97 / 20162352-250x)
- Perhaps no field of psychology is more strongly motivated and better equipped than evolutionary psychology to respond to the recent call for psychologists to expand their
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Perhaps no field of psychology is more strongly motivated and better equipped than evolutionary psychology to respond to the recent call for psychologists to expand their empirical base beyond WEIRD (Western Educated Industrialized Rich Democratic) samples. Evolutionary psychologists have historically focused their efforts on identifying species-specific psychological traits, for which evidence often hinged on the extent to which traits were generalizable across human groups. Now, a new generation of researchers is embracing cultural and environmental variation to test evolutionary hypotheses. Here we discuss how comparative research with diverse societies, while challenging, can help inform the complex nature of our species' psychology and in doing so, we outline best theoretical and methodological practices as well as common pitfalls in cross-cultural investigations. We end with a recommendation for the use of publicly available databases for cataloging psychological variation across the world's many diverse populations. Because of rapid culture change and globalization, it is more important now than ever to document what we know about the world's cultures in ways that can be used by future researchers.
- Recent Discoveries and Future Challenges in Atmospheric Organic Chemistry
- Glasius, Marianne, Goldstein, Allen H. | Environmental science technology (v.50 / no.6 / pp.2754-2764 / 20160013-936x)
- Earth rsquo;s atmosphere contains a multitude of organic compounds, which differ by orders of magnitude regarding fundamental properties such as volatility, reactivity, a
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Earth rsquo;s atmosphere contains a multitude of organic compounds, which differ by orders of magnitude regarding fundamental properties such as volatility, reactivity, and propensity to form cloud droplets, affecting their impact on global climate and human health. Despite recent major research efforts and advances, there are still substantial gaps in understanding of atmospheric organic chemistry, hampering efforts to understand, model, and mitigate environmental problems such as aerosol formation in both polluted urban and more pristine regions. The analytical toolbox available for chemists to study atmospheric organic components has expanded considerably during the past decade, opening new windows into speciation, time resolution and detection of reactive and semivolatile compounds at low concentrations. This has provided unprecedented opportunities, but also unveiled new scientific challenges. Specific groundbreaking examples include the role of epoxides in aerosol formation especially from isoprene, the importance of highly oxidized, reactive organics in air-surface processes (whether atmosphere minus;biosphere exchange or aerosols), as well as the extent of interactions of anthropogenic and biogenic emissions and the resulting impact on atmospheric organic chemistry. Graphic Abstract Earth rsquo;s atmosphere contains a multitude of organic compounds, which differ by orders of magnitude regarding fundamental properties such as volatility, reactivity, and propensity to form cloud droplets, affecting their impact on global climate and human health. Despite recent major research efforts and advances, there are still substantial gaps in understanding of atmospheric organic chemistry, hampering efforts to understand, model, and mitigate environmental problems such as aerosol formation in both polluted urban and more pristine regions. The analytical toolbox available for chemists to study atmospheric organic components has expanded considerably during the past decade, opening new windows into speciation, time resolution and detection of reactive and semivolatile compounds at low concentrations. This has provided unprecedented opportunities, but also unveiled new scientific challenges. Specific groundbreaking examples include the role of epoxides in aerosol formation especially from isoprene, the importance of highly oxidized, reactive organics in air-surface processes (whether atmosphere minus;biosphere exchange or aerosols), as well as the extent of interactions of anthropogenic and biogenic emissions and the resulting impact on atmospheric organic chemistry.
- Synthesis of 10-Ethyl Flavin: A Multistep Synthesis Organic Chemistry Laboratory Experiment for Upper-Division Undergraduate Students
- Sichula, Vincent A. | Journal of chemical education (v.92 / no.9 / pp.1539-1542 / 20150021-9584)
- A multistep synthesis of 10-ethyl flavin was developed as an organic chemistry laboratory experiment for upper-division undergraduate students. Students synthesize 10-eth
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A multistep synthesis of 10-ethyl flavin was developed as an organic chemistry laboratory experiment for upper-division undergraduate students. Students synthesize 10-ethyl flavin as a bright yellow solid via a five-step sequence. The experiment introduces students to various hands-on experimental organic synthetic techniques, such as column chromatography, thin layer chromatography (TLC), extraction techniques, and characterizing intermediates and final products by IR and NMR spectroscopy. It also provides an opportunity for students to review important topics such as nucleophilic substitution reactions, hydrolysis of amides, condensation reactions, and reduction of aromatic nitro groups to amines. Graphic Abstract ACS Electronic Supporting Info
- Activating the sociological imagination to explore the boundaries of resilience research and practice
- VanderPlaat, Madine | School psychology international (v.37 / no.2 / pp.189-203 / 20160143-0343)
- Traditionally, the field of resilience research, especially as it relates to children and youth, has been well ensconced in the discipline of psychology. Sociologists, wh
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Traditionally, the field of resilience research, especially as it relates to children and youth, has been well ensconced in the discipline of psychology. Sociologists, when they do engage with the concept, tend to do so at the level of the community. In recent years, an increasing number of scholars have called for a construction of resilience and resilience-promoting interventions that recognizes the importance of context and culture for the positive development of youth living in stressful circumstances. As such, the social ecologies surrounding a youth and the responsiveness of interventions within these ecologies are argued to be as important, if not more so, than the risk and protective factors characterizing the individual. This shift in gaze from the individual to systemic structures creates important challenges for practitioners such as school psychologists and opens up an interesting discursive space for sociologists to participate in the exploration and explication of what the concept of resilience is all about. In this article I explore how a sociological perspective can enrich the discourse and how the activation of the sociological imagination can serve to expand the boundaries of resilience research and school psychology practice.
- Aza-Michael Reaction for an Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Laboratory
- Nigam, Manisha, Rush, Brittney, Patel, Jay, Castillo, Raul, Dhar, Preeti | Journal of chemical education (v.93 / no.4 / pp.753-756 / 20160021-9584)
- A green, aza-Michael reaction is described that can be used to teach undergraduate students conjugate addition of nitrogen nucleophile to an alpha;, beta;-unsaturated es
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A green, aza-Michael reaction is described that can be used to teach undergraduate students conjugate addition of nitrogen nucleophile to an alpha;, beta;-unsaturated ester. Students analyze spectral data of the product obtained from the assigned reaction to determine product structure and propose the mechanism of its formation. The experiment requires simple glassware and can be performed during a 3 to 4 h laboratory period in the second semester of introductory organic chemistry after acyl substitution and conjugate addition have been covered in a lecture class. Graphic Abstract ACS Electronic Supporting Info
- Value of WTO trade agreements in a New Keynesian model
- Ganelli, G., Tervala, J. | Journal of macroeconomics (v.45 / pp.347-362 / 20150164-0704)
- We revisit the question of the quantitative benefits of WTO trade agreements in a setup that is non-standard from the traditional trade policy point of view. We show that
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We revisit the question of the quantitative benefits of WTO trade agreements in a setup that is non-standard from the traditional trade policy point of view. We show that in a New Keynesian model, unilateral trade liberalization reduces welfare due to terms-of-trade deterioration, creating an incentive for a trade agreement. For realistic parameter values, the value of an agreement, which cuts tariffs by one percentage point, is 0.5-2% of consumption, much larger than in trade models. The intuition for this result hinges on endogenous labor supply.
- Construction and characterization of a recombinant reticuloendotheliosis virus expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein
- Deng, X., Hu, F., Qi, X., Gao, L., Li, K., Gao, H., Gao, Y., Wang, Y., Shen, N., Hua, Y. | Archives of virology (v.160 / no.9 / pp.2231-2235 / 20150304-8608)
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- Natural Products and Caries Prevention
- Cheng, Lei, Li, Jiyao, He, Libang, Zhou, Xuedong | Caries research (v.49 / no.suppl1 / pp.38-45 / 20150008-6568)
- Abstract Dental caries is considered as the most common polymicrobial oral disease in the world. With the aim of developing alternative approaches to reduce or prevent t
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Abstract Dental caries is considered as the most common polymicrobial oral disease in the world. With the aim of developing alternative approaches to reduce or prevent the decay, numerous papers showed the potential anticaries activity of a number of natural products. The natural products with anticaries effects are selected from e.g. food, beverages, flowers or traditional herbs. Most of the effective components are proven to be polyphenol compounds. Many of the natural products are studied as antibacterial agents, while some of them are found to be effective in shifting the de-/remineralization balance. However, the mechanisms of the anticaries effects are still unclear for most of the natural products. In the future, more efforts need to be made to seek novel effective natural products via in vitro experiment, animal study and in situ investigations, as well as to enhance their anticaries effects with the help of novel technology like nanotechnology. ¨Ï 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel
- Two chlorinated benzofuran derivatives from the marine fungus Pseudallescheria boydii.
- Yan, Dan-Feng, Lan, Wen-Jian, Wang, Kun-Teng, Huang, Lei, Jiang, Cai-Wu, Li, Hou-Jin | Natural product communications (v.10 / no.4 / pp.621-622 / 20151934-578x)
- The marine fungus Pseudallescheria boydii was isolated from the inner tissue of the starfish Acanthaster planci. This fungus was cultured in a high salinity glucose-pepto
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The marine fungus Pseudallescheria boydii was isolated from the inner tissue of the starfish Acanthaster planci. This fungus was cultured in a high salinity glucose-peptone-yeast extract (GPY) medium. Two new chlorinated benzofuran derivatives, 6-chloro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-5 hydroxybenzofuran (1) and 7-chloro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-5-hydroxybenzofuran (2), were obtained from the extract of the culture broth. Their structures were determined by analysis of the NMR and MS data.
- Synergistic pathogenic effects of co-infection of subgroup J avian leukosis virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus in broiler chickens.
- Dong, Xuan, Zhao, Peng, Chang, Shuang, Ju, Sidi, Li, Yang, Meng, Fanfeng, Sun, Peng, Cui, Zhizhong | Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A (v.44 / no.1 / pp.43-49 / 20150307-9457)
- To study interactions between avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) and the effects of co-infection on pathogenicity of these viru
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To study interactions between avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) and the effects of co-infection on pathogenicity of these viruses, 1-day-old broiler chicks were infected with ALV-J, REV or both ALV-J and REV. The results indicated that co-infection of ALV-J and REV induced more growth retardation and higher mortality rate than ALV-J or REV single infection (P
- Community-acquired pneumonia: An overview.
- Mandell, Lionel A | Postgraduate medicine (v.127 / no.6 / pp.607-615 / 20150032-5481)
- Community-acquired pneumonia is still a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and is often misdiagnosed and inappropriately treated. Although it can be caused by a
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Community-acquired pneumonia is still a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and is often misdiagnosed and inappropriately treated. Although it can be caused by a wide variety of micro-organisms, the pneumococcus, atypicals, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and certain Gram-negative rods are the usual pathogens encountered. The site-of-care decision is critical in determining the site and type of care as well as the extent of diagnostic workup. Antimicrobial therapy should be started as soon as possible particularly in those requiring admission to hospital, but typically the physician does not know with any degree of certainty the identity of the etiologic pathogen. A number of national guidelines have been published to help the physician with this choice. The initial drug(s) can be modified if necessary if the pathogen and its antimicrobial susceptibility pattern becomes known. Adjunctive therapy such as pressors and fluid replacement are of value and macrolides appear to help as well, likely secondary to their immunomodulatory effects. Recent data also suggest a role for steroids.