- Emergence of reticuloendotheliosis virus in pigeons in Guangdong Province, Southern China
- Zhai, S. L., Chen, S. N., Lin, T., Wen, X. H., Wei, W. K., Lv, D. H., Chen, R. A. | Archives of virology (v.161 / no.7 / pp.2007-2011 / 20160304-8608)
- An electron-microscope study was performed on the avian reticuloendotheliosis virus, strain T (REV), in thin-section and by the technique of negative staining (PTA). A se
¿ø¹®º¸±â >
- Simulation of semi-crystalline polyethylene: Effect of short-chain branching on tie chains and trapped entanglements
- Moyassari, A., Mostafavi, H., Gkourmpis, T., Hedenqvist, M.S., Gedde, U.W., Nilsson, F. | Polymer (v.72 / pp.177-184 / 20150032-3861)
- A Monte-Carlo simulation method for assessing the tie chain and trapped entanglement concentration in linear polyethylene was extended to enable the simulation of explici
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A Monte-Carlo simulation method for assessing the tie chain and trapped entanglement concentration in linear polyethylene was extended to enable the simulation of explicitly branched polyethylene. A subroutine was added to the model making possible the incorporation of different branch lengths and distributions. In addition, the microstructure of branched polyethylene was considered to be made of lamellar stacks of different thicknesses, acknowledging the segregation phenomenon during crystallization. Also, based on complete exclusion of bulky branches from the crystal lattice, a 'pull-out' mechanism was developed for the relaxation of branched parts of polyethylene chains in the vicinity of the crystal layer. Simulations of two series of real polyethylene samples showed the effect of short-chain branching on the concentrations of tie chains and trapped entanglements. Introducing a few branches to an unbranched polyethylene increased the concentration of inter-lamellar connections significantly. This effect decayed if the number of branches was further increased. The tracking of the position of all the carbon atoms during the crystallization process was implemented in the model, making the average square end-to-end distance 2 gt; of polyethylene chains calculable. Simulation of chains with the same molar mass but with different branch contents showed a reduction in the average end-to-end distance with increased branching. The use of real molar mass distribution data was also added to the model features.
- Addressing child labour: reflections on the WTO rsquo;s role
- Williams, Jessica | Journal of international trade law policy (v.14 / no.1 / pp.4-22 / 20151477-0024)
- Purpose ndash; This paper aims to analyse whether the World Trade Organisation (WTO) covered agreements ought to be interpreted in a manner that enables an importing co
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Purpose ndash; This paper aims to analyse whether the World Trade Organisation (WTO) covered agreements ought to be interpreted in a manner that enables an importing country to restrict or prohibit import of goods manufactured using child labour. This question is pertinent, given the WTO-covered agreements do not explicitly mention child labour, yet there is increasing international concern for the phenomenon of child labour, evidenced through international human rights law and international labour law treaties and a push by some developed countries rsquo; WTO Members for inclusion of a ldquo;social clause rdquo; governing child labour under the covered agreements. Design/methodology/approach ndash; This paper examines the WTO-covered agreements, current trends in interpretation of the covered agreements by panels and the Appellate Body (AB) and scholarly debate regarding connecting trade with labour standards and human rights. Findings ndash; This paper argues: that although inclusion of a social clause in the covered agreements is unlikely, Article XX(a) GATT, Article XX(b) GATT and Article 2.1 TBT can in certain circumstances be interpreted as to allow such restrictions on the import of goods; that no clear academic argument logically precludes connecting trade with labour standards and human rights; and that to legitimate both the WTO and the international legal system as a whole, the covered agreements, as the basis of international trade law, ought to be interpreted in a manner consistent with international labour law and international human rights law. Originality/value ndash; This paper draws upon the recent AB decision in European Commission ndash; Seal Products, examining the AB rsquo;s interpretation of the Article XX(a) GATT ldquo;public morals rdquo; exception. This paper further seeks to provide a succinct overview of the argument surrounding WTO involvement in the issue of child labour.
- Exploring senior nurses rsquo; experiences of leading organizational change
- Boyal, Amunpreet, Hewison, Alistair | Leadership in health services (v.29 / no.1 / pp.37-51 / 20161751-1879)
- Purpose ndash; The aim of this paper is to explore Senior nurses rsquo; experiences of leading organizational change. There is a substantial literature reporting middle
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Purpose ndash; The aim of this paper is to explore Senior nurses rsquo; experiences of leading organizational change. There is a substantial literature reporting middle-level nurse managers rsquo; experiences of change; however, there is less evidence concerning senior nurses rsquo; perspectives. In view of this, interview data collected from senior nurses, as part of a study of major organizational change, were analysed to redress this imbalance. Design/methodology/approach ndash; In-depth semi-structured interviews ( n = 14) were conducted with senior nurses (between 2009 and 2012). Findings ndash; Senior nurses rsquo; activity centred on leadership and workforce issues, internal influences and external pressures. In periods of change, appropriate leadership was vital, and ldquo;weak rdquo; leaders were considered to have an adverse effect on teams. Concerns were expressed about financial strictures and their impact on patient care and service provision. The senior nurses were striving to provide the best quality of service delivery with the limited resources available. Concentration on operational matters was necessary to maintain stability in periods of change. However, this prevented senior nurses from influencing strategic decision-making in their organizations. Practical implications ndash; If senior nurses are to realise their potential to operate at a strategic level, they need to be given time and support to lead, rather than just react to change. This research emphasises the importance of a ldquo;nursing voice rdquo; to inform board-level decisions and maintain a focus on patient care. Originality/value ndash; This research sheds light on the work of a key group of staff in health-care organizations. Understanding senior nurses rsquo; experience of and contribution to change is a useful contribution to health services research.
- From Vico to the sociocultural imagination
- Zittoun, Tania | Culture psychology (v.21 / no.2 / pp.251-258 / 20151354-067x)
- The papers by Mariagrazia Granatella (2015), Tuuli Pern (2015) and Pablo Rojas (2015), invited by Tateo (2015) engage in a dialogue with the texts of Giambattisto Vico, a
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The papers by Mariagrazia Granatella (2015), Tuuli Pern (2015) and Pablo Rojas (2015), invited by Tateo (2015) engage in a dialogue with the texts of Giambattisto Vico, a philosopher from the 18th century. In this commentary, focusing on imagination, I first follow the authors #x2019; effort to show the compatibility between Vico #x2019;s ideas and current cultural psychology; I then highlight two issues of particular interest emerging from this dialogue.
- Community Education for Family Planning in the U.S.
- Carter, M.W., Tregear, M.L., Moskosky, S.B. | American journal of preventive medicine (v.49 / no.2 / pp.S107-S115 / 20150749-3797)
- Context: Community education may involve activities that seek to raise awareness and promote behavior change, using mass media, social media, and other media or interpers
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Context: Community education may involve activities that seek to raise awareness and promote behavior change, using mass media, social media, and other media or interpersonal methods in community settings. This systematic review evaluated the evidence of the effects of community education on select short- and medium-term family planning outcomes. Evidence acquisition: Using an analytic approach drawn from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, multiple databases were searched for articles published from January 1985 through February 2011 describing studies of community education related to family planning in the U.S. Included articles were reviewed and assessed for potential bias using a standardized process in 2011. An updated, targeted review for the 2011-2014 period was conducted in early 2015. Evidence synthesis: Seventeen papers were identified. Most (nine) related to mass media interventions; three involved targeted print media, two involved text messaging or e-mail, two described outcome workers conducting community education, and one involved community theater. Study designs, strength of evidence, and levels of possible bias varied widely. Twelve of 15 studies that addressed outcomes such as increased awareness found positive associations with those outcomes, with six also reporting null findings. Seven of eight studies that addressed use of services reported positive associations, with two also reporting null findings. The targeted, additional review identified two other studies. Conclusions: Evidence related to community education for family planning purposes is limited and highly variable. As goals of community education are usually limited to shorter-term outcomes, the evidence suggests that a range of approaches may be effective.
- Effect of Crystallinity on the Wettability of Petroleum Coke by Coal Tar Pitch
- Sarkar, Arunima, Kocaefe, Duygu, Kocaefe, Yasar, Bhattacharyay, Dipankar, Sarkar, Dilip, Morais, Brigitte | Energy fuels : an American Chemical Society journal (v.30 / no.4 / pp.3549-3558 / 20160887-0624)
- Undercalcined coke gained interest as raw material for anodes used in aluminum production since it is reported in the literature that anodes produced with this coke might
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Undercalcined coke gained interest as raw material for anodes used in aluminum production since it is reported in the literature that anodes produced with this coke might have lower CO 2 reactivity in the electrolytic cell. For any anode-grade coke, it is important to identify a suitable pitch which will bond well with that coke during baking and yield dense anodes. The wettability of petroleum coke by molten pitch indicates the quality of bonding between them and influences the final anode properties. In this study, the effect of coke crystallinity on its wettability by pitch has been studied using the sessile-drop test. Also, the chemical and physical properties of coke and pitch have been studied using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the coke physical and chemical properties depend on its calcination temperature and, thereby, greatly affect the wetting properties. The study showed that the wettability of coke by pitch increases with decreasing crystalline length. The presence of porosity, C #58875;C bonds, C #58875;O, COO, and heteroatoms (O and N) are important factors which control the wetting of coke by pitch.
- Analysis of fixed-time control
- Muralidharan, A., Pedarsani, R., Varaiya, P. | Transportation research Part B, Methodological (v.73 / pp.81-90 / 20150191-2615)
- The paper presents an analysis of the traffic dynamics in a network of signalized intersections. The intersections are regulated by fixed-time (FT) controls, all with the
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The paper presents an analysis of the traffic dynamics in a network of signalized intersections. The intersections are regulated by fixed-time (FT) controls, all with the same cycle length or period, T. The network is modeled as a queuing network. Vehicles arrive from outside the network at entry links in a deterministic periodic stream, also with period T. They take a fixed time to travel along each link, and at the end of the link they join a queue. There is a separate queue at each link for each movement or phase. Vehicles make turns at intersections in fixed proportions, and eventually leave the network, that is, a fraction r(i,j) of vehicles that leave queue i go to queue j and the fraction [1-@? j r(i,j)] leave the network. The storage capacity of the queues is infinite, so there is no spill back. The main contribution of the paper is to show that if the signal controls accommodate the demands then, starting in any initial condition, the network state converges to a unique periodic orbit. Thus, the effect of initial conditions disappears. More precisely, the state of the network at time t is the vector x(t) of all queue lengths, together with the position of vehicles traveling along the links. Suppose that the network is stable, that is, x(t) is bounded. Then (1)there exists a unique periodic trajectory x * , with period T; (2)every trajectory converges to this periodic trajectory; (3)if vehicles do not follow loops, the convergence occurs in finite time. The periodic trajectory determines the performance of the entire network.
- Analysis of Linked Equilibria.
- Lin, JiaBei, Lucius, Aaron L | Methods in enzymology (v.562 / pp.161-186 / 20150076-6879)
- The ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA+) is a large superfamily of proteins involved in a broad array of biological processes. Many members of this
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The ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA+) is a large superfamily of proteins involved in a broad array of biological processes. Many members of this family require nucleotide binding to assemble into their final active hexameric form. We have been studying two example members, Escherichia coli ClpA and ClpB. These two enzymes are active as hexameric rings that both require nucleotide binding for assembly. Our studies have shown that they both reside in a monomer, dimer, tetramer, and hexamer equilibrium, and this equilibrium is thermodynamically linked to nucleotide binding. Moreover, we are finding that the kinetics of the assembly reaction are very different for the two enzymes. Here, we present our strategy for determining the self-association constants in the absence of nucleotide to set the stage for the analysis of nucleotide binding from other experimental approaches including analytical ultracentrifugation.
- Modules for Introducing Organometallic Reactions: A Bridge between Organic and Inorganic Chemistry
- Schaller, Chris P., Graham, Kate J., Johnson, Brian J. | Journal of chemical education (v.92 / no.6 / pp.986-992 / 20150021-9584)
- Transition metal organometallic reactions have become increasingly important in the synthesis of organic molecules. A new approach has been developed to introduce organom
ÃʷϺ¸±â¿ø¹®º¸±â >
Transition metal organometallic reactions have become increasingly important in the synthesis of organic molecules. A new approach has been developed to introduce organometallic chemistry, along with organic and inorganic chemistry, at the foundational level. This change highlights applications of organometallic chemistry that have dramatically evolved in recent decades. With this development, a larger number of students have been reached than would typically be exposed to organometallic reactions. Modules are described that introduce transition metal organometallic compounds and reactions by analogy with thematically similar topics in general chemistry and organic chemistry. These topics are periodically reinforced by incorporation into organic synthesis problems. Graphic Abstract ACS Electronic Supporting Info
- Chloride Depletion Alkalosis as a Predictor of Inhospital Mortality in Patients with Decompensated Heart Failure
- Khan, Nazia Naz S., Nabeel, Muhammad, Nan, Bin, Ghali, Jalal K. | Cardiology (v.131 / no.3 / pp.151-159 / 20150008-6312)
- Abstract Objectives: Chloride depletion alkalosis (CDA) is often seen as a consequence of diuresis in heart failure (HF) but its prognostic significance remains unknown
ÃʷϺ¸±â¿ø¹®º¸±â >
Abstract Objectives: Chloride depletion alkalosis (CDA) is often seen as a consequence of diuresis in heart failure (HF) but its prognostic significance remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic role of CDA in decompensated HF (DHF). Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis was performed on 674 patients who were admitted with DHF. Patients were assigned to 2 groups based on the change in serum bicarbonate (median = 3 mmol/l) after diuresis, which was calculated by computing the difference in the admission and discharge serum bicarbonate: the CDA group (a change in serum bicarbonate #x2265;3 mmol/l) and the non-CDA group (change in serum bicarbonate Results: In a multivariable logistic regression model, the CDA group, i.e. 374 patients, had a lower inhospital mortality than the non-CDA group, i.e. 300 patients (OR 0.11, 95 percnt; CI 0.03-0.38; p = 0.0005) after adjusting for other covariates. There was no statistically significant difference in the combined end point of all-cause 30-day mortality and readmission between the 2 groups (OR 1.26, 95 percnt; CI 0.74-2.12; p = 0.39). Conclusion: The presence of CDA during hospitalization for DHF was independently associated with a better inhospital survival rate. ¨Ï 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel
- Chloride Accumulators NKCC1 and AE2 in Mouse GnRH Neurons: Implications for GABAA Mediated Excitation.
- Taylor-Burds, Carol, Cheng, Paul, Wray, Susan | PloS one (v.10 / no.6 / pp.0131076 / 2015)
- A developmental 'switch' in chloride transporters occurs in most neurons resulting in GABAA mediated hyperpolarization in the adult. However, several neuronal cell subtyp
ÃʷϺ¸±â¿ø¹®º¸±â >
A developmental 'switch' in chloride transporters occurs in most neurons resulting in GABAA mediated hyperpolarization in the adult. However, several neuronal cell subtypes maintain primarily depolarizing responses to GABAA receptor activation. Among this group are gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1 (GnRH) neurons, which control puberty and reproduction. NKCC1 is the primary chloride accumulator in neurons, expressed at high levels early in development and contributes to depolarization after GABAA receptor activation. In contrast, KCC2 is the primary chloride extruder in neurons, expressed at high levels in the adult and contributes to hyperpolarization after GABAA receptor activation. Anion exchangers (AEs) are also potential modulators of responses to GABAA activation since they accumulate chloride and extrude bicarbonate. To evaluate the mechanism(s) underlying GABAA mediated depolarization, GnRH neurons were analyzed for 1) expression of chloride transporters and AEs in embryonic, pre-pubertal, and adult mice 2) responses to GABAA receptor activation in NKCC1-/- mice and 3) function of AEs in these responses. At all ages, GnRH neurons were immunopositive for NKCC1 and AE2 but not KCC2 or AE3. Using explants, calcium imaging and gramicidin perforated patch clamp techniques we found that GnRH neurons from NKCC1-/- mice retained relatively normal responses to the GABAA agonist muscimol. However, acute pharmacological inhibition of NKCC1 with bumetanide eliminated the depolarization/calcium response to muscimol in 40% of GnRH neurons from WT mice. In the remaining GnRH neurons, HCO3- mediated mechanisms accounted for the remaining calcium responses to muscimol. Collectively these data reveal mechanisms responsible for maintaining depolarizing GABAA mediated transmission in GnRH neurons.
- Components of Springer fibers associated to closed orbits for the symmetric pairs (Sp(2n),Sp(2p)xSp(2q)) and (SO(2n),GL(n)), II
- Barchini, L., Zierau, R. | Journal of pure and applied algebra (v.219 / no.4 / pp.1103-1121 / 20150022-4049)
- This is the second of two articles that consider the pairs of complex reductive groups (G,K)=(Sp(2n),Sp(2p)xSp(2q)) and (SO(2n),GL(n)) and components of Springer fibers a
ÃʷϺ¸±â¿ø¹®º¸±â >
This is the second of two articles that consider the pairs of complex reductive groups (G,K)=(Sp(2n),Sp(2p)xSp(2q)) and (SO(2n),GL(n)) and components of Springer fibers associated to closed K-orbits in the flag variety of G. In the first an algorithm is given to compute the associated variety of any discrete series representation of G R = Sp(p,q) and SO @? (2n) and to concretely describe the corresponding component of a Springer fiber. These results are used here to compute associated cycles of discrete series representations. For each Harish-Chandra cell containing a discrete series representation, a particular discrete series representation is identified for which the structure of the component is sufficiently simple that the multiplicity in the associated cycle can be calculated. Coherent continuation is then applied to compute associated cycles of all representations in such a cell.
- Impurity segregation in zone-refined precursors for crystalline halide scintillators
- Swider, S., Lam, S., Motakef, S., Donohoe, E., Coers, L., Taylor, S., Spencer, S. | Nuclear instruments methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment (v.784 / pp.5-8 / 20150168-9002)
- Successful growth of halide scintillator crystals depends on a supply of ultra-high purity (UHP) precursor materials. Metallic interstitials and substitutions may provide
ÃʷϺ¸±â¿ø¹®º¸±â >
Successful growth of halide scintillator crystals depends on a supply of ultra-high purity (UHP) precursor materials. Metallic interstitials and substitutions may provide traps that quench luminescence. Oxygen impurities can create competing compounds within a matrix, such as oxyhalides, that disrupt crystallinity and nucleate cracks. Using mass spectroscopy and oxygen combustion analysis, we analyzed impurities in SrI 2 , EuI 2 , and YCl 3 precursors before and after zone refining. The data show most alkali and alkali earth impurities segregated easily. However, with the exception of iron, many transition metals were incorporated into the solid. Reliable oxygen measurements proved difficult to achieve. Additional oxygen was measured in nitrates and sulfates, via ion chromatography. Zone refining reduced the overall impurity content, but levels remained above a 10ppm target.
- Chemical characterization and surface properties of a new bioemulsifier produced by Pedobacter sp. strain MCC-Z
- Beltrani, T., Chiavarini, S., Cicero, D.O., Grimaldi, M., Ruggeri, C., Tamburini, E., Cremisini, C. | International journal of biological macromolecules (v.72 / pp.1090-1096 / 20150141-8130)
- A novel biopolymer was described in the form of an extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) by Pedobacter sp. strain MCC-Z, a member of a bacterial genus not previously describ
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A novel biopolymer was described in the form of an extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) by Pedobacter sp. strain MCC-Z, a member of a bacterial genus not previously described as an emulsifier producer. The new biomolecule was extracted, purified and characterized, and its surface and emulsifying properties were evaluated. The purified bioemulsifier, named Pdb-Z, showed high emulsifying activity (E 24 %=64%) and reduced the surface tension of water up to 41mN/m with a critical micelle concentration value of 2.6mg/mL. The chemical characterization of Pdb-Z was performed using 1 H NMR, FT-IR, HPLC/MS/MS and GC/MS. Pdb-Z was found to contain 67% of carbohydrates, consisting mainly of galactose and minor quantities of talose, 30% of lipids, being pentadecanoic acid the major lipidic constituent, and 3% of proteins. The bioemulsifier was a glycolipids-protein complex with an estimated molecular mass of 10 6 Da. Furthermore, Pdb-Z emulsified pure aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons as well as diesel more efficiently than commercial synthetic surfactants, used for comparison. Our results suggest Pdb-Z has interesting properties for applications in remediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated environments and bioremediation processes.
- Community-empowered adaptation for self-reliance
- Chapin, F.S., Knapp, C.N., Brinkman, T.J., Bronen, R., Cochran, P. | Current opinion in environmental sustainability (v.19 / pp.67-75 / 20161877-3435)
- This paper describes the integration of social-ecological science with traditional knowledge to address global-change challenges faced by indigenous communities in rural
ÃʷϺ¸±â¿ø¹®º¸±â >
This paper describes the integration of social-ecological science with traditional knowledge to address global-change challenges faced by indigenous communities in rural Alaska. The Community Partnership for Self-Reliance is a novel boundary organization that uses community visions for self-reliance, based on local and traditional knowledge, to link bottom-up with top-down adaptation planning. We suggest that similar boundary strategies can improve the communication of adaptation needs and opportunities across scales, empowering local communities to select adaptation choices that fit their own goals. This would facilitate regional experimentation and diffusion of innovative solutions to address rapid and heterogeneous environmental and socioeconomic change.
- Marine natural products that interfere with multiple cytoskeletal protein interactions
- Kita, Masaki, Kigoshi, Hideo | Natural product reports : a journal of current developments in bio-organic chemistry (v.32 / no.4 / pp.534-542 / 20150265-0568)
- Covering: up to 2014 Various marine natural products that target cytoskeletal proteins have been discovered. A few of these compounds have recently been shown to induce
ÃʷϺ¸±â¿ø¹®º¸±â >
Covering: up to 2014 Various marine natural products that target cytoskeletal proteins have been discovered. A few of these compounds have recently been shown to induce or inhibit protein ndash;protein interactions. Lobophorolide, an actin filament-disrupting macrolide, binds to actin with a unique 2 : 2 stoichiometry in which two lobophorolide molecules cooperate to stabilize an actin dimer. Adociasulfates, merotriterpenoid derivatives, inhibit microtubule-stimulated ATPase activity of a motor protein kinesin by blocking both the binding of microtubules and the processive motion of kinesin along microtubules. The antitumor macrolide aplyronine A synergistically binds to tubulin in association with actin, and prevents spindle formation and mitosis. In this highlight, we address recent chemical biology studies on these mechanistically-attractive marine natural products. These findings may be useful for the design and development of new pharmacological tools and therapeutic agents. Graphic Abstract This highlight focuses on the marine natural products that target cytoskeletal proteins and modulate protein ndash;protein interactions in unique fashions.
- WTO Accession of Afghanistan : Costs, Benefits and Post-accession Challenges
- Mobariz, Ahmad Shah | South Asia economic journal (v.17 / no.1 / pp.46-72 / 20161391-5614)
- This article undertakes a cost and benefit analysis of Afghanistan #x2019;s accession to World Trade Organization (WTO) while attempting to shed light on the post-accessi
ÃʷϺ¸±â¿ø¹®º¸±â >
This article undertakes a cost and benefit analysis of Afghanistan #x2019;s accession to World Trade Organization (WTO) while attempting to shed light on the post-accession challenges. For the empirical part of our analysis, we have applied the WITS/SMART model to assess the implication of WTO membership. The partial equilibrium model embedded in World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) allows users to estimate the impact of tariff reductions on trade flows, tariff revenue, and consumer surplus for a single market at a time. Tariff cut is an independent variable, and government revenue, trade creation, consumer welfare and general welfare of the economy are the other variables. The results show that Afghanistan consumers stand to benefit from tariff reforms with overall positive welfare gains to the economy. However, a reduction in tariff will lead to a fall in government revenue and a substantial increase in imports which may raise some concerns over the negative trade balance. The last section of the article studies the post-accession challenges of WTO accession with a special focus on developmental, institutional, legal and environmental challenges. Our analysis based on the sectoral mix of Afghanistan #x2019;s economy suggests that producers will lose out. Findings of this study support the argument to maintain maximum policy space for Afghanistan for its long-term development need purposes.