Time-of-day vehicle mileage fees for congestion mitigation and revenue generation: A simulation-based optimization method and its real-world application

Chen, X.(., Xiong, C., He, X., Zhu, Z., Zhang, L. | Transportation research. Part C, Emerging technologies (v.63 / pp.71-95 / 20160968-090x)

Congestion pricing of a large-scale network is characterized by expensive-to-evaluate objective functions without closed forms. This paper further enhances a computationa

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Congestion pricing of a large-scale network is characterized by expensive-to-evaluate objective functions without closed forms. This paper further enhances a computationally efficient simulation-based optimization (SBO) framework to solve the problem within tight computational budget. This paper applies surrogate models to solve the optimization problem with computationally expensive objective functions based on simulation-based dynamic traffic assignment (DTA). DIRECT (a deterministic search algorithm with modification to Lipschitzian optimization) is used for metamodel parameter tuning. A trade-off of different objectives (i.e. the average travel time minimization, expected network throughput maximization, and toll revenue maximization) are converted into a single desirability function. To demonstrate the SBO framework with an application to the vehicle mileage traveled (VMT) based pricing for a real-world freeway network, this paper utilizes a calibrated simulation-based DTA model to evaluate system performance. A stochastic mesoscopic simulator is applied. We investigate the existence of an invariant macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) for the network, and compare simulated MFDs with measurements of fixed detectors and probe data. The proposed SBO framework is generic and can be used to solve other congestion pricing problems.

Community and cosmopolitanism in the new Ubud

MacRae, G. | Annals of tourism research (v.59 / pp.16-29 / 20160160-7383)

Ubud has, since the 1930s, represented a distinctive model of tourism in Bali-based on ''traditional culture'' but also engagement of foreigners with the local community

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Ubud has, since the 1930s, represented a distinctive model of tourism in Bali-based on ''traditional culture'' but also engagement of foreigners with the local community in which the line between ''tourists who stay longer'' and an expatriate community has been blurred. From the 1970s tourist and expatriate numbers increased steadily and since 2010 numbers have exploded and new kinds of tourists and expatriates and new relationships with local culture and community have developed. Ubud is no longer a village-with-tourists but a diversifying international town. This article documents this ''new Ubud'' and argues that the categories of tourism studies are inadequate for making sense of it, suggesting instead cosmopolitanism as a potentially more useful tool for understanding this transformation.

On a Generalized Non-compensatory Composite Index for Measuring Socio-economic Phenomena

Mazziotta, M., Pareto, A. | Social indicators research (v.127 / no.3 / pp.983-1003 / 20160303-8300)

This paper assesses the United Nations Development Program #146;s (UNDP) Gender-Related Development Index (GDI). Although the GDI has increased attention on gender equali

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Components of Springer fibers associated to closed orbits for the symmetric pairs (Sp(2n),Sp(2p)xSp(2q)) and (SO(2n),GL(n)), II

Barchini, L., Zierau, R. | Journal of pure and applied algebra (v.219 / no.4 / pp.1103-1121 / 20150022-4049)

This is the second of two articles that consider the pairs of complex reductive groups (G,K)=(Sp(2n),Sp(2p)xSp(2q)) and (SO(2n),GL(n)) and components of Springer fibers a

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This is the second of two articles that consider the pairs of complex reductive groups (G,K)=(Sp(2n),Sp(2p)xSp(2q)) and (SO(2n),GL(n)) and components of Springer fibers associated to closed K-orbits in the flag variety of G. In the first an algorithm is given to compute the associated variety of any discrete series representation of G R = Sp(p,q) and SO @? (2n) and to concretely describe the corresponding component of a Springer fiber. These results are used here to compute associated cycles of discrete series representations. For each Harish-Chandra cell containing a discrete series representation, a particular discrete series representation is identified for which the structure of the component is sufficiently simple that the multiplicity in the associated cycle can be calculated. Coherent continuation is then applied to compute associated cycles of all representations in such a cell.

Dutch senior medical students and disaster medicine: a national survey.

Mortelmans, Luc J M, Bouman, Stef J M, Gaakeer, Menno I, Dieltiens, Greet, Anseeuw, Kurt, Sabbe, Marc B | International journal of emergency medicine (v.8 / no.1 / pp.77 / 20151865-1372)

Medical students have been deployed in victim care of several disasters throughout history. They are corner stones in first-line care in recent pandemic planning. Further

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Medical students have been deployed in victim care of several disasters throughout history. They are corner stones in first-line care in recent pandemic planning. Furthermore, every physician and senior medical student is expected to assist in case of disaster situations, but are they educated to do so? Being one of Europe #039;s densest populated countries with multiple nuclear installations, a large petrochemical industry and also at risk for terrorist attacks, The Netherlands bear some risks for incidents. We evaluated the knowledge on Disaster Medicine in the Dutch medical curriculum. Our hypothesis is that Dutch senior medical students are not prepared at all.

Size-segregated emissions and metal content of vehicle-emitted particles as a function of mileage: Implications to population exposure

Golokhvast, K.S., Chernyshev, V.V., Chaika, V.V., Ugay, S.M., Zelinskaya, E.V., Tsatsakis, A.M., Karakitsios, S.P., Sarigiannis, D.A. | Environmental research (v.142 / pp.479-485 / 20150013-9351)

The study aims at investigating the characteristics (size distribution, active surface and metal content) of particles emitted by cars as a function of mileage using a no

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The study aims at investigating the characteristics (size distribution, active surface and metal content) of particles emitted by cars as a function of mileage using a novel methodology for characterizing particulate emissions captured by Exhaust Gas Suspension (EGS). EGS was obtained by passing the exhaust gases through a container of deionized water. EGS analysis was performed using laser granulometry, electron scanning microscopy, and high resolution mass spectrometry. Implications of the differences in key features of the emitted particles on population exposure were investigated using numerical simulation for estimating size-segregated PM deposition across human respiratory tract (HRT). It was found that vehicle mileage, age and the respective emissions class have almost no effect on the size distribution of the exhaust gas particulate released into the environment; about half of the examined vehicles with low mileage were found to release particles of aerodynamic diameter above 10 mu;m. The exhaust gas particulate detected in the EGS of all cars can be classified into three major size classes: (1) 0.1-5@?m - soot and ash particles, metals (Au, Pt, Pd, Ir); (2) 10-30@?m - metal (Cr, Fe, Cu, Zr, Ni) and ash particles; (3) 400-1,000@?m - metal (Fe, Cr, Pb) and ash particles. Newer vehicles with low mileage are substantial sources of soot and metal particles with median diameter of 200nm with a higher surface area (up to 89,871.16cm 2 /cm 3 ). These tend to deposit in the lower part of the human respiratory tract.

Chloride transporters and receptor-mediated endocytosis in the renal proximal tubule.

Devuyst, Olivier, Luciani, Alessandro | The Journal of physiology (v.593 / no.18 / pp.4151-4164 / 20150022-3751)

The reabsorptive activity of renal proximal tubule cells is mediated by receptor-mediated endocytosis and polarized transport systems that reflect final cell differentiat

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The reabsorptive activity of renal proximal tubule cells is mediated by receptor-mediated endocytosis and polarized transport systems that reflect final cell differentiation. Loss-of-function mutations of the endosomal chloride-proton exchanger ClC-5 (Dent #039;s disease) cause a major trafficking defect in proximal tubule cells, associated with lysosomal dysfunction, oxidative stress and dedifferentiation/proliferation. A similar but milder defect is associated with mutations in CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator). Vesicular chloride transport appears to be important for the integrity of the endolysosomal pathway in epithelial cells.

Complete morphological re-description of mud-dwelling axiid Leonardsaxius amurensis (Kobjakova, 1937) with remarks on Axiidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea) from the Russian coast of the Sea of Japan.

Marin, Ivan | Zootaxa (v.3937 / no.3 / pp.549-563 / 20151175-5326)

The first complete re-description of mud-dwelling axiid Leonardsaxius amurensis (Kobjakova, 1937) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea) is presented based on the holotype and fr

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The first complete re-description of mud-dwelling axiid Leonardsaxius amurensis (Kobjakova, 1937) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea) is presented based on the holotype and freshly collected specimens from Vostok Bay, Russia coast of the Sea of Japan. The species is mostly morphologically similar to Leonardsaxius spinulicauda (Rathbun, 1902) known from Pacific coasts of North America from Vancouver to California but can be morphologically separated mainly by morphology of carapace and coloration of cornea of eyes. Remarks on distribution of Leonardsaxius amurensis (Kobjakova, 1937) and the second axiid species, Boasaxius princeps (Boas, 1880), known along Russian coastline of the Sea of Japan are given.

Aqueous Organic Chemistry in the Atmosphere: Sources and Chemical Processing of Organic Aerosols

McNeill, V. Faye | Environmental science technology (v.49 / no.3 / pp.1237-1244 / 20150013-936x)

Over the past decade, it has become clear that aqueous chemical processes occurring in cloud droplets and wet atmospheric particles are an important source of organic atm

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Over the past decade, it has become clear that aqueous chemical processes occurring in cloud droplets and wet atmospheric particles are an important source of organic atmospheric particulate matter. Reactions of water-soluble volatile (or semivolatile) organic gases (VOCs or SVOCs) in these aqueous media lead to the formation of highly oxidized organic particulate matter (secondary organic aerosol; SOA) and key tracer species, such as organosulfates. These processes are often driven by a combination of anthropogenic and biogenic emissions, and therefore their accurate representation in models is important for effective air quality management. Despite considerable progress, mechanistic understanding of some key aqueous processes is still lacking, and these pathways are incompletely represented in 3D atmospheric chemistry and air quality models. In this article, the concepts, historical context, and current state of the science of aqueous pathways of SOA formation are discussed. Graphic Abstract Over the past decade, it has become clear that aqueous chemical processes occurring in cloud droplets and wet atmospheric particles are an important source of organic atmospheric particulate matter. Reactions of water-soluble volatile (or semivolatile) organic gases (VOCs or SVOCs) in these aqueous media lead to the formation of highly oxidized organic particulate matter (secondary organic aerosol; SOA) and key tracer species, such as organosulfates. These processes are often driven by a combination of anthropogenic and biogenic emissions, and therefore their accurate representation in models is important for effective air quality management. Despite considerable progress, mechanistic understanding of some key aqueous processes is still lacking, and these pathways are incompletely represented in 3D atmospheric chemistry and air quality models. In this article, the concepts, historical context, and current state of the science of aqueous pathways of SOA formation are discussed.

Molecular Identity and Functional Characterization of Chloride Intracellular Channel (CLIC) Proteins in Cardiac Mitochondria

Ponnalagu, D., Farber, J., Sukur, S., Xin, W., Gururaja Rao, S., Singh, H. | Biophysical journal (v.108 / no.2 / pp.368a / 20150006-3495)

Parchorin, p64 and the related chloride intracellular channel (CLIC) proteins are widely expressed in multicellular organisms and have emerged as candidates for novel, au

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Creative Report Writing in Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Laboratory Inspires Nonmajors

Henary, Maged, Owens, Eric A., Tawney, Joseph G. | Journal of chemical education (v.92 / no.1 / pp.90-95 / 20150021-9584)

Laboratory-based courses require students to compose reports based on the performed experiments to assess their overall understanding of the presented material; unfortuna

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Laboratory-based courses require students to compose reports based on the performed experiments to assess their overall understanding of the presented material; unfortunately, the sterile and formulated nature of the laboratory report disinterests most students. As a result, the outcome is a lower-quality product that does not reveal full understanding of the material. We have found that by allowing students to be more creative while preparing the introduction of their research reports, a greater enthusiasm for the organic chemistry course is stimulated because students are able to relate to the seemingly irrelevant reactants and mechanisms; this is often reflected in their laboratory reports, which are highly creative while maintaining crucial scientific integrity in the remainder of the report discussing experimental protocol, mechanisms, and all corresponding data. Graphic Abstract

Changing power relations in the WTO - Why the India-U.S. trade agreement should make us worry more, rather than less, about global trade governance

Wilkinson, R. | Geoforum ; journal of physical, human, and regional geosciences (v.61 / pp.13-16 / 20150016-7185)

This review offers a critical reading of the November 2014 India-U.S. trade deal that unblocked an impasse in the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Doha round and consider

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This review offers a critical reading of the November 2014 India-U.S. trade deal that unblocked an impasse in the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Doha round and considers what it means for the way we govern global trade. It argues that the agreement, rather than being a 'victory' for the developing world or a cause for celebration, may simply reinforce an unfair and problematic system of distributing trade opportunities among WTO members. It may also obscure further the need for a fundamental overhaul of the way global trade is governed. In so doing, the review speaks to broader debates about what happens when 'rising' powers replace established states in global institutions in the absence of wider processes of reform; and it adds to growing concerns about the increasing precariousness of least developed countries (LDCs) in international economic regimes.

Chlorinated paraffins in the environment: A review on their production, fate, levels and trends between 2010 and 2015

van Mourik, L.M., Gaus, C., Leonards, P.E.G., de Boer, J. | Chemosphere (v.155 / pp.415-428 / 20160045-6535)

This review provides an update on information regarding the production volumes, regulations, as well as the environmental levels, trends, fate and human exposure to chlor

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This review provides an update on information regarding the production volumes, regulations, as well as the environmental levels, trends, fate and human exposure to chlorinated paraffin mixtures (CPs). CPs encompas thousands congeners with varying properties and environmental fate. Based on their carbon chain lengths, CPs are divided into short- (SCCPs; C 10-13 ), medium- (MCCPs; C 14-17 ) and long- (LCCPs; C ge; 18 ) chained groups. They are high production volume and persistent chemicals, and their cumulative global production already surpasses that of other persistent anthropogenic chemicals (e.g. PCBs). However, international regulations are still curbed by insufficient information on their levels and fate, including bioaccumulation and toxicity potential. An increasing number of studies since 2010 demonstrate that CPs are detected in almost every compartment in the environment, including remote areas. Consensus on the long range transport and high bioaccumulation potential (BCF gt; 5000 TMF gt; 1) has recently been reached for SCCPs, fulfilling criteria under the Stockholm Convention for designation as a persistent organic pollutant; information on their levels is, however, still sparse for many countries. M/LCCPs have received comparatively little attention in the past, but as replacement chemicals for SCCPs, MCCPs are now considered in an increasing number of studies. The limited data to date suggests MCCPs are widely used. Although data on their bioaccumulation and toxicity are still inconclusive, MCCPs and LCCPs with C may also have a bioaccumulation potential. Considering this and their high production volumes, use, and ubiquitous occurrence in the environment, a better understanding on the levels and fate of all CPs is needed.

Terbium-doped gadolinium oxide nanoparticles prepared by laser ablation in liquid for use as a fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging dual-modal contrast agent

Chen, Fei, Chen, Min, Yang, Chuan, Liu, Jun, Luo, Ningqi, Yang, Guowei, Chen, Dihu, Li, Li | Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP (v.17 / no.2 / pp.1189-1196 / 20151463-9076)

Dual-modal lanthanide-doped gadolinium nanoparticles (NPs), which exhibit an excellent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) spatial resolution and high fluorescence imaging (

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Dual-modal lanthanide-doped gadolinium nanoparticles (NPs), which exhibit an excellent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) spatial resolution and high fluorescence imaging (FI) sensitivity, have attracted tremendous attention in biotechnology and nanomedicine applications. In this paper, terbium (Tb) ion doped gadolinium oxide (Gd 2 O 3 :Tb) NPs with varied Tb concentrations were synthesized by a laser ablation in liquid (LAL) method. The characterization of the structure, morphology, and composition shows that these NPs are spherical with excellent crystallinity. The effects of Tb ion concentration on the visible green fluorescence and longitudinal relaxivity were investigated, indicating that the fluorescence properties were significantly influenced by the Tb ion concentration, but all samples were still efficient T 1 -weighted contrast agents. Furthermore, the optimum Tb doping concentration was determined to be 1%. The cell viability, cellular fluorescence imaging and in vivo MRI of this dual-modal nano-probe were studied, with the results revealing that the Gd 2 O 3 :Tb NPs did not have a significant cytotoxic effect, making them good candidates for use as a dual-modal contrast agent for MRI and fluorescence imaging. Graphic Abstract Gd 2 O 3 :Tb is a promising candidate for use as a dual-modal contrast agent combining fluorescence imaging with MR imaging.

Visualizing Molecular Chirality in the Organic Chemistry Laboratory Using Cholesteric Liquid Crystals

Popova, Maia, Bretz, Stacey Lowery, Hartley, C. Scott | Journal of chemical education (v.93 / no.6 / pp.1096-1099 / 20160021-9584)

Although stereochemistry is an important topic in second-year undergraduate organic chemistry, there are limited options for laboratory activities that allow direct visua

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Although stereochemistry is an important topic in second-year undergraduate organic chemistry, there are limited options for laboratory activities that allow direct visualization of macroscopic chiral phenomena. A novel, guided-inquiry experiment was developed that allows students to explore chirality in the context of cholesteric liquid crystals. As part of the experiment, which requires no specialized equipment, students visually distinguish two enantiomers. A chiral imine is synthesized in one step from an assigned (but unknown to students) enantiomer of 1-phenylethylamine and then dissolved in a nematic liquid crystal host, inducing a helical structure. The resulting cholesteric liquid crystalline material selectively reflects circularly polarized light with a handedness that depends on the absolute configuration of the starting amine, easily detected using circularly polarizing filters from disposable 3D glasses. Working in teams, students examine the behavior of both dopant enantiomers and the racemic mixture. Analysis of our students rsquo; responses to post-lab questions indicates comprehension of most of the ideas introduced in lab. Graphic Abstract ACS Electronic Supporting Info

Phenotype-Guided Natural Products Discovery Using Cytological Profiling

Ochoa, Jessica L., Bray, Walter M., Lokey, R. Scott, Linington, Roger G. | Journal of natural products (v.78 / no.9 / pp.2242-2248 / 20150163-3864)

Phenotype-guided natural products discovery is emerging as a useful new discovery tool that addresses challenges in early, unbiased natural product biological annotation.

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Phenotype-guided natural products discovery is emerging as a useful new discovery tool that addresses challenges in early, unbiased natural product biological annotation. These high-content approaches yield screening results that report directly on the impact of test compounds on cellular processes in target organisms and can be used to predict the modes of action of bioactive constituents from primary screening data. In this study we explored the use of our recently implemented cytological profiling platform for the isolation of compounds with a specific, predefined mode of action, namely, induction of mitotic arrest. Screening of a microbially derived extract library revealed six extracts whose cytological profiles clustered closely with those of known antimitotic agents from the pure compound training set. Subsequent examination of one of these extracts revealed the presence of two separate bioactive constituents, each of which possessed a unique cytological profile. The first, diketopiperazine XR334 ( 3 ), recapitulated the observed antimitotic phenotype of the original extract, demonstrating that cytological profiling can be used for the targeted isolation of compounds with specific modes of action. The second, nocapyrone L ( 6 ), possessed a cytological profile that clustered with known calcium channel modulators, in line with previous published activities for this compound class, indicating that cytological profiling is a flexible and powerful platform for the de novo characterization of compound modes of action. Graphic Abstract ACS Electronic Supporting Info

Community Education for Family Planning in the U.S.

Carter, M.W., Tregear, M.L., Moskosky, S.B. | American journal of preventive medicine (v.49 / no.2 / pp.S107-S115 / 20150749-3797)

Context: Community education may involve activities that seek to raise awareness and promote behavior change, using mass media, social media, and other media or interpers

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Context: Community education may involve activities that seek to raise awareness and promote behavior change, using mass media, social media, and other media or interpersonal methods in community settings. This systematic review evaluated the evidence of the effects of community education on select short- and medium-term family planning outcomes. Evidence acquisition: Using an analytic approach drawn from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, multiple databases were searched for articles published from January 1985 through February 2011 describing studies of community education related to family planning in the U.S. Included articles were reviewed and assessed for potential bias using a standardized process in 2011. An updated, targeted review for the 2011-2014 period was conducted in early 2015. Evidence synthesis: Seventeen papers were identified. Most (nine) related to mass media interventions; three involved targeted print media, two involved text messaging or e-mail, two described outcome workers conducting community education, and one involved community theater. Study designs, strength of evidence, and levels of possible bias varied widely. Twelve of 15 studies that addressed outcomes such as increased awareness found positive associations with those outcomes, with six also reporting null findings. Seven of eight studies that addressed use of services reported positive associations, with two also reporting null findings. The targeted, additional review identified two other studies. Conclusions: Evidence related to community education for family planning purposes is limited and highly variable. As goals of community education are usually limited to shorter-term outcomes, the evidence suggests that a range of approaches may be effective.

Membrane interaction of a new synthetic antimicrobial lipopeptide sp-85 with broad spectrum activity

Grau-Campistany, A., Pujol, M., Marques, A.M., Manresa, A., Rabanal, F., Cajal, Y. | Colloids and surfaces. A, Physicochemical and engineering aspects (v.480 / pp.307-317 / 20150927-7757)

Antimicrobial peptides offer a new class of therapeutic agents to which bacteria may not be able to develop genetic resistance, since their main activity is in the lipid

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Antimicrobial peptides offer a new class of therapeutic agents to which bacteria may not be able to develop genetic resistance, since their main activity is in the lipid component of the bacterial cell membrane. We have developed a series of synthetic cationic cyclic lipopeptides based on natural polymyxin, and in this work we explore the interaction of sp-85, an analog that contains a C12 fatty acid at the N-terminus and two residues of arginine. This analog has been selected from its broad spectrum antibacterial activity in the micromolar range, and it has a disruptive action on the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria, as demonstrated by TEM. In order to obtain information on the interaction of this analog with membrane lipids, we have obtained thermodynamic parameters from mixed monolayers prepared with POPG and POPE/POPG (molar ratio 6:4), as models of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, respectively. Langmuir-Blodgett films have been extracted on glass plates and observed by confocal microscopy, and images are consistent with a strong destabilizing effect on the membrane organization induced by sp-85. The effect of sp-85 on the membrane is confirmed with unilamelar lipid vesicles of the same composition, where biophysical experiments based on fluorescence are indicative of membrane fusion and permeabilization starting at very low concentrations of peptide and only if anionic lipids are present. Overall, results described here provide strong evidence that the mode of action of sp-85 is the alteration of the bacterial membrane permeability barrier.

Cinematic climate change, a promising perspective on climate change communication

Sakellari, Maria | Public understanding of science (v.24 / no.7 / pp.827-841 / 20150963-6625)

Previous research findings display that after having seen popular climate change films, people became more concerned, more motivated and more aware of climate change, but

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Previous research findings display that after having seen popular climate change films, people became more concerned, more motivated and more aware of climate change, but changes in behaviors were short-term. This article performs a meta-analysis of three popular climate change films, The Day after Tomorrow (2005), An Inconvenient Truth (2006), and The Age of Stupid (2009), drawing on research in social psychology, human agency, and media effect theory in order to formulate a rationale about how mass media communication shapes our everyday life experience. This article highlights the factors with which science blends in the reception of the three climate change films and expands the range of options considered in order to encourage people to engage in climate change mitigation actions.

From Vico to the sociocultural imagination

Zittoun, Tania | Culture psychology (v.21 / no.2 / pp.251-258 / 20151354-067x)

The papers by Mariagrazia Granatella (2015), Tuuli Pern (2015) and Pablo Rojas (2015), invited by Tateo (2015) engage in a dialogue with the texts of Giambattisto Vico, a

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The papers by Mariagrazia Granatella (2015), Tuuli Pern (2015) and Pablo Rojas (2015), invited by Tateo (2015) engage in a dialogue with the texts of Giambattisto Vico, a philosopher from the 18th century. In this commentary, focusing on imagination, I first follow the authors #x2019; effort to show the compatibility between Vico #x2019;s ideas and current cultural psychology; I then highlight two issues of particular interest emerging from this dialogue.