- Construction and characterization of a recombinant reticuloendotheliosis virus expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein
- Deng, X., Hu, F., Qi, X., Gao, L., Li, K., Gao, H., Gao, Y., Wang, Y., Shen, N., Hua, Y. | Archives of virology (v.160 / no.9 / pp.2231-2235 / 20150304-8608)
원문보기 >
- Reaction of Dimedone and Benzaldehyde: A Discovery-Based Lab for Second-Semester Organic Chemistry
- Reeve, Anne M. | Journal of chemical education (v.92 / no.3 / pp.582-585 / 20150021-9584)
- A simple, two-step synthesis of 9-phenylxanthene-1,8-dione from dimedone and benzaldehyde was developed for second-semester undergraduate organic chemistry. Both reaction
초록보기원문보기 >
A simple, two-step synthesis of 9-phenylxanthene-1,8-dione from dimedone and benzaldehyde was developed for second-semester undergraduate organic chemistry. Both reactions afford crystalline solids in excellent yield by simply precipitating the product from solution. Reaction times are very short, and no specialized equipment, reagents, or purification techniques are needed. Multiple spectroscopic methods (IR and 1 H, 13 C, and DEPT NMR) are employed to solve the structures of the intermediate and final product, which are unknown to students. The products are not ones students would initially predict, but rather are derived from careful analysis of the spectroscopic data in conjunction with logical mechanistic steps. 1 H NMR peaks are well resolved, even at low field. Students have responded favorably over the five years this experiment has been used as a culminating experience in organic chemistry lab. Graphic Abstract ACS Electronic Supporting Info
- Cellular uptake: lessons from supramolecular organic chemistry
- Gasparini, Giulio, Bang, Eun-Kyoung, Montenegro, Javier, Matile, Stefan | Chemical communications : Chem comm (v.51 / no.52 / pp.10389-10402 / 20151359-7345)
- The objective of this Feature Article is to reflect on the importance of established and emerging principles of supramolecular organic chemistry to address one of the mos
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The objective of this Feature Article is to reflect on the importance of established and emerging principles of supramolecular organic chemistry to address one of the most persistent problems in life sciences. The main topic is dynamic covalent chemistry on cell surfaces, particularly disulfide exchange for thiol-mediated uptake. Examples of boronate and hydrazone exchange are added for contrast, comparison and completion. Of equal importance are the discussions of proximity effects in polyions and counterion hopping, and more recent highlights on ring tension and ion pair ndash; pi; interactions. These lessons from supramolecular organic chemistry apply to cell-penetrating peptides, particularly the origin of ldquo;arginine magic rdquo; and the ldquo;pyrenebutyrate trick, rdquo; and the currently emerging complementary ldquo;disulfide magic rdquo; with cell-penetrating poly(disulfide)s. They further extend to the voltage gating of neuronal potassium channels, gene transfection, and the delivery of siRNA. The collected examples illustrate that the input from conceptually innovative chemistry is essential to address the true challenges in biology beyond incremental progress and random screening. Graphic Abstract This Feature Article summarizes contemporary supramolecular chemistry approaches to find conceptually innovative ways to enter into cells.
- Three dimensional quantification of anisotropic void evolution in deformed semi-crystalline polyamide 6
- Laiarinandrasana, L., Klinkova, O., Nguyen, F., Proudhon, H., Morgeneyer, T.F., Ludwig, W. | International journal of plasticity (v.83 / pp.19-36 / 20160749-6419)
- The evolution of voids has been used as an efficient indicator of the volume changes occurring during deformation for polymers which undergo high levels of plasticity. Th
초록보기원문보기 >
The evolution of voids has been used as an efficient indicator of the volume changes occurring during deformation for polymers which undergo high levels of plasticity. This has to be taken into account in determining the constitutive models for these polymers. Void growth during uniaxial stretching of a semi-crystalline polyamide 6 has been studied using 3D image analysis of tomography data. Tests on axi-symmetrical notched round bars have been stopped at: (i) the maximum net stress; (ii) the end of the stress softening stage; (iii) the onset of the final failure. Local synchrotron tomography has been performed so as to observe voids in a predetermined volume of interest around the minimum net section. The shape of the voids was found to be cylindrical. Mathematical morphology analysis was used to identify 3D voids, allowing the void diameter and height histograms to be obtained. An anisotropic shape factor parameter was defined as the ratio between the void diameter and the void height. This shape factor was found to evolve with the degree of deformation. The principal strain components of the voids were calculated and plotted, showing anisotropy and a heterogeneous distribution. The irreversible void growth noted as plastic dilation was also found to be heterogeneous in the deformed net section.
- Improving the reliability of real-time output gap estimates using survey forecasts
- Galimberti, J.K., Moura, M.L. | International journal of forecasting (v.32 / no.2 / pp.358-373 / 20160169-2070)
- Measuring economic activity in real-time is a crucial issue both in applied research and in the decision-making process of policy makers; however, it also poses intricate
초록보기원문보기 >
Measuring economic activity in real-time is a crucial issue both in applied research and in the decision-making process of policy makers; however, it also poses intricate challenges to statistical filtering methods that are built to operate optimally when working with an infinite number of observations. In this paper, we propose and evaluate the use of survey forecasts for augmenting such methods, in order to reduce the end-of-sample uncertainty that is observed in the resulting gap estimates. We focus on three filtering methods that are employed commonly in business cycle research: the Hodrick-Prescott filter, unobserved components models, and the band-pass filter. We find that the use of surveys achieves powerful improvements in the real-time reliability of the economic activity measures associated with these filters, and argue that this approach is preferable to model-based forecasts due to both its usually superior accuracy in predicting current and future states of the economy and its parsimony.
- Construction of membrane-bound artificial cells using microfluidics: a new frontier in bottom-up synthetic biology
- Elani, Yuval | Biochemical Society transactions (v.44 / no.3 / pp.723-730 / 20160300-5127)
- The quest to construct artificial cells from the bottom-up using simple building blocks has received much attention over recent decades and is one of the grand challenges
초록보기원문보기 >
The quest to construct artificial cells from the bottom-up using simple building blocks has received much attention over recent decades and is one of the grand challenges in synthetic biology. Cell mimics that are encapsulated by lipid membranes are a particularly powerful class of artificial cells due to their biocompatibility and the ability to reconstitute biological machinery within them. One of the key obstacles in the field centres on the following: how can membrane-based artificial cells be generated in a controlled way and in high-throughput? In particular, how can they be constructed to have precisely defined parameters including size, biomolecular composition and spatial organization? Microfluidic generation strategies have proved instrumental in addressing these questions. This article will outline some of the major principles underpinning membrane-based artificial cells and their construction using microfluidics, and will detail some recent landmarks that have been achieved.
- Structural and optical properties of nanocrystalline Sb2S3 films deposited by chemical solution deposition
- Kulkarni, A.N., Rajendra Prasad, M.B., Ingle, R.V., Pathan, H.M., Eldesoky, G.E., Naushad, Mu., Patil, R.S. | Optical Materials (v.46 / pp.536-541 / 20150925-3467)
- Films of Sb 2 S 3 nanocrystals were deposited using chemical solution deposition. The structural and optical properties of the deposited films were investigated as a
초록보기원문보기 >
Films of Sb 2 S 3 nanocrystals were deposited using chemical solution deposition. The structural and optical properties of the deposited films were investigated as a function of reaction time and temperature of the solution bath. The X-ray diffractometric studies confirmed the orthorhombic phase of Sb 2 S 3 in the deposited films with steady variation in crystallinity. The effect of the bath conditions apparently was found to be playing a significant role in controlling the reaction rate resulting in the morphological evolution of the Sb 2 S 3 nanocrystals. The band gaps of the deposited Sb 2 S 3 films obtained from the optical absorption studies were found to be in the range 1.9-2.0eV and suggest the possibility of band gap tunability of Sb 2 S 3 in the visible region. The photoluminescence studies revealed that the Sb 2 S 3 nanocrystals showed apparent band edge luminescence at around 610nm and Stokes shifted defect induced emission at around 717nm.
- Aza-Michael Reaction for an Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Laboratory
- Nigam, Manisha, Rush, Brittney, Patel, Jay, Castillo, Raul, Dhar, Preeti | Journal of chemical education (v.93 / no.4 / pp.753-756 / 20160021-9584)
- A green, aza-Michael reaction is described that can be used to teach undergraduate students conjugate addition of nitrogen nucleophile to an alpha;, beta;-unsaturated es
초록보기원문보기 >
A green, aza-Michael reaction is described that can be used to teach undergraduate students conjugate addition of nitrogen nucleophile to an alpha;, beta;-unsaturated ester. Students analyze spectral data of the product obtained from the assigned reaction to determine product structure and propose the mechanism of its formation. The experiment requires simple glassware and can be performed during a 3 to 4 h laboratory period in the second semester of introductory organic chemistry after acyl substitution and conjugate addition have been covered in a lecture class. Graphic Abstract ACS Electronic Supporting Info
- Die Netzwerk-Metaanalyse in der KieferorthopAdie: Die nAchste Ebene der Evidenzsynthese?
- Pandis, N., Spineli, L. M. | Informationen aus Orthodontie und Kieferorthop auml;die : mit Beitr auml;gen aus der internationalen Literatur (v.47 / no.1 / pp.57-59 / 20150020-0336)
- Clinical decision should be based on findings from high quality clinical trials and systematic reviews. Traditional systematic reviews, where applicable, combine individu
초록보기원문보기 >
Clinical decision should be based on findings from high quality clinical trials and systematic reviews. Traditional systematic reviews, where applicable, combine individual trial results from the same interventions to give more precise estimates of treatment effects. However, in the presence of multiple interventions for the same condition it is difficult to determine which the best treatment is as treatment effects are combined only from trials using the same comparisons. Recent advancements in data synthesis under the network meta-analysis (NMA) framework have allowed to assess the effect of various interventions for the same condition simultaneously and has enabled ranking of those interventions in terms of efficiency. NMA is very new in dentistry and orthodontics and can be an important tool in evidence based orthodontics.
- Cultural criminology: Script rewrites
- Hayward, Keith J | Theoretical criminology : an international journal (v.20 / no.3 / pp.297-321 / 20161362-4806)
- A decade has passed since Jock Young and I published #x2018;Cultural criminology: Some notes on the script #x2019;, the opening article of a special edition on cultural
초록보기원문보기 >
A decade has passed since Jock Young and I published #x2018;Cultural criminology: Some notes on the script #x2019;, the opening article of a special edition on cultural criminology for Theoretical Criminology . This #x2018;sequel #x2019; article looks back on developments in the field during the intervening decade as well as responding to some of the criticisms that have emerged in the same period. In particular, it addresses the following critical concerns: that cultural criminology has an inherent romanticism towards its object of study; that it fails to consider or incorporate broader gender dynamics in its analysis; and that cultural criminologists are unable to formulate any meaningful policy measures other than non-interventionism. In responding to these criticisms the article highlights some of the subtle yet important conceptual reconfigurations that have occurred in cultural criminology as it continues to consolidate its position within the discipline.
- The US crop insurance program and WTO disciplines
- Glauber, Joseph William | Agricultural finance review (v.76 / no.1 / pp.6-14 / 20160002-1466)
- Purpose ndash; The purpose of this paper is to examine the US crop insurance programs in the context of domestic support disciplines under the World Trade Organization
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Purpose ndash; The purpose of this paper is to examine the US crop insurance programs in the context of domestic support disciplines under the World Trade Organization (WTO). Crop insurance has become an integral part of many domestic support programs, not just in developed countries, but in important emerging markets as well. An often-cited impetus for the growth in insurance program is the potential treatment of such programs as exempt from WTO reduction commitments. Design/methodology/approach ndash; A detailed examination of the so-called ldquo;green box provisions rdquo; of the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture is presented with particular emphasis on eligibility criteria for crop yield and revenue insurance programs. Findings ndash; While WTO rules potentially shield green box policies from reduction, few developed countries have notified agricultural insurance policies under Annex 2. Moreover, crop insurance programs have been challenged in recent WTO dispute settlement cases and domestic countervailing duty investigations. Originality/value ndash; The paper presents a unique perspective on a program which has become the largest single farm program in the USA.
- Modules for Introducing Organometallic Reactions: A Bridge between Organic and Inorganic Chemistry
- Schaller, Chris P., Graham, Kate J., Johnson, Brian J. | Journal of chemical education (v.92 / no.6 / pp.986-992 / 20150021-9584)
- Transition metal organometallic reactions have become increasingly important in the synthesis of organic molecules. A new approach has been developed to introduce organom
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Transition metal organometallic reactions have become increasingly important in the synthesis of organic molecules. A new approach has been developed to introduce organometallic chemistry, along with organic and inorganic chemistry, at the foundational level. This change highlights applications of organometallic chemistry that have dramatically evolved in recent decades. With this development, a larger number of students have been reached than would typically be exposed to organometallic reactions. Modules are described that introduce transition metal organometallic compounds and reactions by analogy with thematically similar topics in general chemistry and organic chemistry. These topics are periodically reinforced by incorporation into organic synthesis problems. Graphic Abstract ACS Electronic Supporting Info
- Thermorheological and mechanical properties of cellulose reinforced PLA bio-composites
- Awal, A., Rana, M., Sain, M. | Mechanics of materials : an international journal (v.80 / no.1 / pp.87-95 / 20150167-6636)
- Cellulose fibers reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) bio-composites were developed by means of extrusion and injection molding process. The thermal properties of the develop
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Cellulose fibers reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) bio-composites were developed by means of extrusion and injection molding process. The thermal properties of the developed bio-composites were investigated by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). TGA results provided an upper limit of thermal processing window. The rheological properties of bio-composites showed shear thinning behavior and predicted a suitable temperature profile for processing the bio-composites. Heat distortion temperature of PLA/wood fibers (WP)/bioadimide bio-composites was slightly improved which could result in high temperature service life. Good interaction between short fibers and PLA resulted in better mechanical properties. With the addition of 1.3% bioadimide (bio-additive), tensile strength of bio-composites increased significantly. The impact strength of bio-composites was also considerably increased due to addition of bio-additive with bio-composites. This novel bio-additive was found very effective not only for fiber-matrix adhesion but also processability of bio-composites. X-ray computed tomography (CT) demonstrated cellulose fibers orientation and the fiber-matrix networking microstructures in a composite system.
- Chloride binding of synthetic Ca-Al-NO3 LDHs in hardened cement paste
- Chen, Y., Shui, Z., Chen, W., Chen, G. | Construction building materials (v.93 / pp.1051-1058 / 20150950-0618)
- The chloride binding of synthetic Ca-Al-NO 3 layered double hydroxides (LDHs) for the removal of chloride ions from pore solution of cementitious materials is studied.
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The chloride binding of synthetic Ca-Al-NO 3 layered double hydroxides (LDHs) for the removal of chloride ions from pore solution of cementitious materials is studied. The Ca-Al-NO 3 LDHs is synthesized and characterized by XRD, SEM, FT-IR and XRF analysis. Results of direct anion exchange tests show that chloride substitutes nitrate in the interlayer of Ca-Al-NO 3 LDHs in aqueous solution and the adsorption model fits the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Furthermore, the structural change of Ca-Al-NO 3 LDHs in simulated pore solution and its transformation after binding chloride are investigated. Cement pastes with Ca-Al-NO 3 LDHs are prepared with chloride solution. Microstructural analysis shows that the Ca-Al-NO 3 LDHs can immobilize the chlorides in the hardened cement pastes.
- Cross-cultural evolutionary psychology
- Apicella, C.L., Barrett, H.C. | Current opinion in psychology (v.7 / pp.92-97 / 20162352-250x)
- Perhaps no field of psychology is more strongly motivated and better equipped than evolutionary psychology to respond to the recent call for psychologists to expand their
초록보기원문보기 >
Perhaps no field of psychology is more strongly motivated and better equipped than evolutionary psychology to respond to the recent call for psychologists to expand their empirical base beyond WEIRD (Western Educated Industrialized Rich Democratic) samples. Evolutionary psychologists have historically focused their efforts on identifying species-specific psychological traits, for which evidence often hinged on the extent to which traits were generalizable across human groups. Now, a new generation of researchers is embracing cultural and environmental variation to test evolutionary hypotheses. Here we discuss how comparative research with diverse societies, while challenging, can help inform the complex nature of our species' psychology and in doing so, we outline best theoretical and methodological practices as well as common pitfalls in cross-cultural investigations. We end with a recommendation for the use of publicly available databases for cataloging psychological variation across the world's many diverse populations. Because of rapid culture change and globalization, it is more important now than ever to document what we know about the world's cultures in ways that can be used by future researchers.
- Value of WTO trade agreements in a New Keynesian model
- Ganelli, G., Tervala, J. | Journal of macroeconomics (v.45 / pp.347-362 / 20150164-0704)
- We revisit the question of the quantitative benefits of WTO trade agreements in a setup that is non-standard from the traditional trade policy point of view. We show that
초록보기원문보기 >
We revisit the question of the quantitative benefits of WTO trade agreements in a setup that is non-standard from the traditional trade policy point of view. We show that in a New Keynesian model, unilateral trade liberalization reduces welfare due to terms-of-trade deterioration, creating an incentive for a trade agreement. For realistic parameter values, the value of an agreement, which cuts tariffs by one percentage point, is 0.5-2% of consumption, much larger than in trade models. The intuition for this result hinges on endogenous labor supply.
- Procedure in Reduction of Distortion in Welding Process by High Temperature Thermal Transient Tensioning
- Souto, J., Ares, E., Alegre, P. | Procedia engineering (v.132 / pp.732-739 / 2015)
- Welding is an aggressive thermal process which in its nature results in high strain and stress state of the material and leads to its phase change. This can cause high di
초록보기원문보기 >
Welding is an aggressive thermal process which in its nature results in high strain and stress state of the material and leads to its phase change. This can cause high distortion in the welded structure what is often a significant design and manufacturing problem. This study deals with a lineheating forming process is applied while welding, with the final objective of minimizing the distortion. A FEM (finite element method) based on a thermo-elastoplastic approach is used here. The computational method is calibrated before in three stages, heatline forming calibration, flame heat source calibration, and weld process. The final model presented in this work will be an integration of all calibrated initial models. The tLSND (thermal low stress no distortion) technique will be designed to find an optimal solution for a long dimension T-joint.
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