- Transcriptome Analysis Comparison of Lipid Biosynthesis in the Leaves and Developing Seeds of Brassica napus.
- Chen, Jie, Tan, Ren-Ke, Guo, Xiao-Juan, Fu, Zheng-Li, Wang, Zheng, Zhang, Zhi-Yan, Tan, Xiao-Li | PloS one (v.10 / no.5 / pp.0126250 / 2015)
- Brassica napus seed is a lipid storage organ containing approximately 40% oil, while its leaves contain many kinds of lipids for many biological roles, but the overall am
초록보기원문보기 >
Brassica napus seed is a lipid storage organ containing approximately 40% oil, while its leaves contain many kinds of lipids for many biological roles, but the overall amounts are less than in seeds. Thus, lipid biosynthesis in the developing seeds and the leaves is strictly regulated which results the final difference of lipids. However, there are few reports about the molecular mechanism controlling the difference in lipid biosynthesis between developing seeds and leaves. In this study, we tried to uncover this mechanism by analyzing the transcriptome data for lipid biosynthesis. The transcriptome data were de novo assembled and a total of 47,216 unigenes were obtained, which had an N50 length and median of 1271 and 755 bp, respectively. Among these unigenes, 36,368 (about 77.02%) were annotated and there were 109 up-regulated unigenes and 72 down-regulated unigenes in the developing seeds lipid synthetic pathway after comparing with leaves. In the oleic acid pathway, 23 unigenes were up-regulated and four unigenes were down-regulated. During triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis, the key unigenes were all up-regulated, such as phosphatidate phosphatase and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase. During palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid synthesis in leaves, the unigenes were nearly all up-regulated, which indicated that the biosynthesis of these particular fatty acids were more important in leaves. In the developing seeds, almost all the unigenes in the ABI3VP1, RKD, CPP, E2F-DP, GRF, JUMONJI, MYB-related, PHD and REM transcript factor families were up-regulated, which helped us to discern the regulation mechanism underlying lipid biosynthesis. The differential up/down-regulation of the genes and TFs involved in lipid biosynthesis in developing seeds and leaves provided direct evidence that allowed us to map the network that regulates lipid biosynthesis, and the identification of new TFs that are up-regulated in developing seeds will help us to further elucidate the lipids biosynthesis pathway in developing seeds and leaves.
- Green grabs, land grabs and the spatiality of displacement: eviction from Mozambique's Limpopo National Park
- Lunstrum, Elizabeth | Area (v.48 / no.2 / pp.142-152 / 20160004-0894)
- The Mozambican state is currently working to relocate 7000 people from the interior of the Limpopo National Park (LNP), itself part of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Par
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The Mozambican state is currently working to relocate 7000 people from the interior of the Limpopo National Park (LNP), itself part of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park (GLTP). As the process began in 2003, this stands out as one of the region's most protracted contemporary conservation #8208;related evictions. I draw from this case to shed light on the increasingly complex spatial dynamics of land and green grabs and, more specifically, demonstrate the importance of zooming out from discrete land acquisitions to examine how their resulting displacements are increasingly shaped by spatial processes at and beyond their borders. In doing so, we begin to see that displacement from the LNP is not a simple case of eviction from a discrete protected area. Rather, it has been provoked by the opening of the international border, hence drawing transfrontier conservation areas (TFCAs) like the GLTP into the purview of land and green grabs. At the same time, competition over space with an adjacent grab ndash; a sugarcane/ethanol plantation ndash; has severely interfered with relocation, drastically prolonging it. The case, more broadly, sheds light on how conservation, agricultural extraction and climate change mitigation ndash; all forms of land acquisitions that incite dislocation ndash; come together to produce novel patterns of environmental displacement, placing profound pressures on rural communities and their abilities to occupy space and access resources, including labour opportunities.
- Cultural diversity and mental health
- Gopalkrishnan, Narayan, Babacan, Hurriyet | Australasian psychiatry : bulletin of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (v.23 / no.6 / pp.6-8 / 20151039-8562)
- Objective: Cultural diversity and its impact on mental health has become an increasingly important issue in a globalised world where the interactions between cultures co
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Objective: Cultural diversity and its impact on mental health has become an increasingly important issue in a globalised world where the interactions between cultures continue to grow exponentially. This paper presents critical areas in which culture impacts on mental health, such as how health and illness are perceived, coping styles, treatment-seeking patterns, impacts of history, racism, bias and stereotyping, gender, family, stigma and discrimination. Conclusions: While cultural differences provide a number of challenges to mental health policy and practice they also provide a number of opportunities to work in unique and effective ways towards positive mental health. Ethno-specific approaches to mental health that incorporate traditional and community-based systems can provide new avenues for working with culturally diverse populations.
- Chloride is an Agonist of Group II and III Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors
- DiRaddo, John O., Miller, Eric J., Bowman-Dalley, Carrie, Wroblewska, Barbara, Javidnia, Monica, Grajkowska, Ewa, Wolfe, Barry B., Liotta, Dennis C., Wroblewski, Jarda T. | Molecular pharmacology (v.88 / no.3 / pp.450-459 / 20150026-895x)
- The elemental anion chloride is generally considered a passive participant in neuronal excitability, and has never been shown to function as an agonist in its own right.
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The elemental anion chloride is generally considered a passive participant in neuronal excitability, and has never been shown to function as an agonist in its own right. We show that the antagonist-mediated, glutamate-independent inverse agonism of group II and III metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors results from inhibition of chloride-mediated activation. In silico molecular modeling, site-directed mutagenesis, and functional assays demonstrate (1) that chloride is an agonist of mGlu3, mGlu4, mGlu6, and mGlu8 receptors with its own orthosteric site, and (2) that chloride is not an agonist of mGlu2 receptors. Molecular modeling #x2013;predicted and site-directed mutagenesis supported that this unique property of mGlu2 receptors results from a single divergent amino acid, highlighting a molecular switch for chloride insensitivity that is transduced through an arginine flip. Ultimately, these results suggest that activation of group II and III mGlu receptors is mediated not only by glutamate, but also by physiologically relevant concentrations of chloride.
- WTO negotiates tariff-free trade agreement to protect sealing industry
- | Sealing technology (v.2016 / no.1 / pp.5 / 20161350-4789)
- Representatives of the US-based Fluid Sealing Association (FSA) and the European Sealing Association (ESA) are leading efforts to create a new market access platform for
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Representatives of the US-based Fluid Sealing Association (FSA) and the European Sealing Association (ESA) are leading efforts to create a new market access platform for sealing device technology with the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Environmental Goods Trade Agreement (EGA).
- Components of Springer fibers associated to closed orbits for the symmetric pairs (Sp(2n),Sp(2p)xSp(2q)) and (SO(2n),GL(n)), II
- Barchini, L., Zierau, R. | Journal of pure and applied algebra (v.219 / no.4 / pp.1103-1121 / 20150022-4049)
- This is the second of two articles that consider the pairs of complex reductive groups (G,K)=(Sp(2n),Sp(2p)xSp(2q)) and (SO(2n),GL(n)) and components of Springer fibers a
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This is the second of two articles that consider the pairs of complex reductive groups (G,K)=(Sp(2n),Sp(2p)xSp(2q)) and (SO(2n),GL(n)) and components of Springer fibers associated to closed K-orbits in the flag variety of G. In the first an algorithm is given to compute the associated variety of any discrete series representation of G R = Sp(p,q) and SO @? (2n) and to concretely describe the corresponding component of a Springer fiber. These results are used here to compute associated cycles of discrete series representations. For each Harish-Chandra cell containing a discrete series representation, a particular discrete series representation is identified for which the structure of the component is sufficiently simple that the multiplicity in the associated cycle can be calculated. Coherent continuation is then applied to compute associated cycles of all representations in such a cell.
- The effect of crystallinity on photocatalytic performance of Co3O4 water-splitting cocatalysts
- Chua, Chin Sheng, Ansovini, Davide, Lee, Coryl Jing Jun, Teng, Yin Ting, Ong, Lay Ting, Chi, Dongzhi, Hor, T. S. Andy, Raja, Robert, Lim, Yee-Fun | Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP (v.18 / no.7 / pp.5172-5178 / 20161463-9076)
- Cocatalysts, when loaded onto a water splitting photocatalyst, accelerate the gas evolution reaction and improve the efficiency of the photocatalyst. In this paper, we re
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Cocatalysts, when loaded onto a water splitting photocatalyst, accelerate the gas evolution reaction and improve the efficiency of the photocatalyst. In this paper, we report that the efficiency of the photocatalyst is enhanced using an amorphous cobalt oxide cocatalyst. The WO 3 film, when loaded with amorphous or nanocrystalline Co 3 O 4 , shows an improvement of up to 40% in photocurrent generation and 34% in hydrogen gas evolution. The effect of cocatalyst crystallinity on performance was systematically studied, and we found that the photocurrent deteriorates with the conversion of the cocatalyst to a highly crystalline phase at an annealing temperature of 500 °C. The mechanism of this effect was studied in detail using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and the enhancement effect produced by the amorphous cocatalyst is attributed to the large density of unsaturated catalytically active sites in the amorphous material. Graphic Abstract Amorphous/nano-crystalline Co 3 O 4 cocatalysts incorporated into WO 3 photoanodes show vastly superior performance compared to their highly-crystalline counterparts.
- Two chlorinated benzofuran derivatives from the marine fungus Pseudallescheria boydii.
- Yan, Dan-Feng, Lan, Wen-Jian, Wang, Kun-Teng, Huang, Lei, Jiang, Cai-Wu, Li, Hou-Jin | Natural product communications (v.10 / no.4 / pp.621-622 / 20151934-578x)
- The marine fungus Pseudallescheria boydii was isolated from the inner tissue of the starfish Acanthaster planci. This fungus was cultured in a high salinity glucose-pepto
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The marine fungus Pseudallescheria boydii was isolated from the inner tissue of the starfish Acanthaster planci. This fungus was cultured in a high salinity glucose-peptone-yeast extract (GPY) medium. Two new chlorinated benzofuran derivatives, 6-chloro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-5 hydroxybenzofuran (1) and 7-chloro-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-5-hydroxybenzofuran (2), were obtained from the extract of the culture broth. Their structures were determined by analysis of the NMR and MS data.
- Cultural Value Shifting in Pronoun Use
- Yu, Feng, Peng, Theodore, Peng, Kaiping, Tang, Shi, Chen, Chuan Shi, Qian, Xiaojun, Sun, Pei, Han, Tingting, Chai, Fangyuan | Journal of cross-cultural psychology (v.47 / no.2 / pp.310-316 / 20160022-0221)
- By investigating the use of first-person pronouns in nine languages using the Google Ngram Database, we examined the degree to which different cultural values skewed towa
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By investigating the use of first-person pronouns in nine languages using the Google Ngram Database, we examined the degree to which different cultural values skewed toward individualism or collectivism over a span of 59 years. We found that in eight of nine languages (British English being the exception), first-person singular pronouns (vs. first-person plural pronouns) have become increasingly prevalent, which in turn points to a rising sense of individualism. British English showed a U-shaped curve trend in the use of first-person singular pronouns (vs. first-person plural pronouns). Although they initially decreased, British English #x2019;s first-person singular pronouns (vs. first-person plural pronouns) use was higher than most other languages throughout the whole period. Chinese displayed a fluctuating pattern wherein the use of first-person singular pronouns (vs. first-person plural pronouns) increased in recent periods. The dynamics of cultural change and culture diversity were discussed.
- Construction and characterization of a recombinant reticuloendotheliosis virus expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein
- Deng, X., Hu, F., Qi, X., Gao, L., Li, K., Gao, H., Gao, Y., Wang, Y., Shen, N., Hua, Y. | Archives of virology (v.160 / no.9 / pp.2231-2235 / 20150304-8608)
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- SiliaCat: A Versatile Catalyst Series for Synthetic Organic Chemistry
- Ciriminna, Rosaria, Pandarus, Valerica, Fidalgo, Alexandra, Ilharco, Laura M., Be #769, land, Francois, Pagliaro, Mario | Organic process research development (v.19 / no.7 / pp.755-768 / 20151083-6160)
- Reviewing selected applications of the recently developed Silia Cat catalyst series to synthetic organic chemistry, we show the large applicative scope of these multipu
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Reviewing selected applications of the recently developed Silia Cat catalyst series to synthetic organic chemistry, we show the large applicative scope of these multipurpose sol ndash;gel entrapped catalysts, which are increasingly adopted for manufacturing useful products such as active pharmaceutical ingredients, cis -only hydrogenated fats, silanes, anilines, fragrances, and emollients. Graphic Abstract
- Synthetic and Natural Inhibitors of Phospholipases A2: Their Importance for Understanding and Treatment of Neurological Disorders
- Ong, Wei-Yi, Farooqui, Tahira, Kokotos, George, Farooqui, Akhlaq A. | ACS chemical neuroscience (v.6 / no.6 / pp.814-831 / 2015)
- Phospholipases A 2 (PLA 2 ) are a diverse group of enzymes that hydrolyze membrane phospholipids into arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. Arachidonic acid is meta
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Phospholipases A 2 (PLA 2 ) are a diverse group of enzymes that hydrolyze membrane phospholipids into arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. Arachidonic acid is metabolized to eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes), and lysophospholipids are converted to platelet-activating factors. These lipid mediators play critical roles in the initiation, maintenance, and modulation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Neurological disorders including excitotoxicity; traumatic nerve and brain injury; cerebral ischemia; Alzheimer rsquo;s disease; Parkinson rsquo;s disease; multiple sclerosis; experimental allergic encephalitis; pain; depression; bipolar disorder; schizophrenia; and autism are characterized by oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions, alterations in phospholipid metabolism, accumulation of lipid peroxides, and increased activities of brain phospholipase A 2 isoforms. Several old and new synthetic inhibitors of PLA 2 , including fatty acid trifluoromethyl ketones; methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate; bromoenol lactone; indole-based inhibitors; pyrrolidine-based inhibitors; amide inhibitors, 2-oxoamides; 1,3-disubstituted propan-2-ones and polyfluoroalkyl ketones as well as phytochemical based PLA 2 inhibitors including curcumin, Ginkgo biloba and Centella asiatica extracts have been discovered and used for the treatment of neurological disorders in cell culture and animal model systems. The purpose of this review is to summarize information on selective and potent synthetic inhibitors of PLA 2 as well as several PLA 2 inhibitors from plants, for treatment of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation associated with the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Graphic Abstract
- Effect of crystallinity and plasticizer on mechanical properties and tissue integration of starch-based materials from two botanical origins
- Velasquez, D., Pavon-Djavid, G., Chaunier, L., Meddahi-Pelle, A., Lourdin, D. | Carbohydrate polymers (v.124 / pp.180-187 / 20150144-8617)
- The application of starch-based materials for biomedical purposes has attracted significant interest due to their biocompatibility. The physical properties and crystal st
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The application of starch-based materials for biomedical purposes has attracted significant interest due to their biocompatibility. The physical properties and crystal structure of materials based on potato starch (PS) and amylomaize starch (AMS) were studied under physiological conditions. PS plasticized with 20% glycerol presented the best mechanical properties with an elastic modulus of 1.6MPa and a weak swelling, remaining stable for 30 days. The in vitro cell viability of 3T3 cells after contact with extracts from PS and AMS with 20% glycerol is 72% and 80%, respectively. PS presented good tissue integration and no significant inflammation or foreign body response after 30 days intra-muscular implantation in a rat model, contrary to AMS. It was shown that glycerol plasticization favors a fast B-type crystallization of PS materials, enhancing their mechanical strength and durability, and making them a good candidate for bioresorbable and biocompatible materials for implantable medical devices.
- Arendt #x2019;s Guidelines for a Fictionalized Cinematic Portrait
- Azoulay, Ariella | Differences (v.26 / no.2 / pp.121-131 / 20151040-7391)
- More than once Arendt denied being a public figure and added that she did not entertain any #x201C;ambition to become one. #x201D; This poses a challenge to any filmmake
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More than once Arendt denied being a public figure and added that she did not entertain any #x201C;ambition to become one. #x201D; This poses a challenge to any filmmaker seeking to portray her character, as Margarethe von Trotta found when she contradicted Arendt #x2019;s self-perception to inquire who was this public figure at the center of one of the most important political-intellectual controversies of the twentieth century. Von Trotta #x2019;s cinematic inquiry is in some ways justified by Arendt #x2019;s insights into how the who is revealed to others. Hannah Arendt gives us an opportunity to follow Arendt while thinking and to reconfigure this activity with or against Arendt. The challenge of depicting thinking is one that Pamela Katz, the screenwriter, and Margarethe von Trotta, the director, confronted in the making of the film. Had they followed Arendt #x2019;s own arguments about herself and about the invisibility of thinking, the making of a film about her would have amounted to a dark screen most of the time. Cinematic portrayal enhances the intrusive quality inherent in human relationships: being with others is always also watching and observing them, as well as memorizing how they are revealed to us, which is often different from how they intend to appear.
- Allergic Rhinitis: A neglected disease - A community based assessment among adults in Delhi.
- Sinha, B, Singla, R, Chowdhury, R | Journal of postgraduate medicine (v.61 / no.3 / pp.169-175 / 20150022-3859)
- Allergic Rhinitis is rather erroneously viewed as a trivial disease. It is important in that it can significantly affect quality of life. There is paucity of community ba
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Allergic Rhinitis is rather erroneously viewed as a trivial disease. It is important in that it can significantly affect quality of life. There is paucity of community based prevalence studies on the disease in India. This study was planned to assess the prevalence of allergic rhinitis in adults, the proportion of asthmatics among them, risk factors associated and treatment seeking behaviour among the patients.
- Marine natural products as inhibitors of cystathionine beta-synthase activity
- Thorson, M.K., Van Wagoner, R.M., Harper, M.K., Ireland, C.M., Majtan, T., Kraus, J.P., Barrios, A.M. | Bioorganic medicinal chemistry letters (v.25 / no.5 / pp.1064-1066 / 20150960-894x)
- A library consisting of characterized marine natural products as well as synthetic derivatives was screened for compounds capable of inhibiting the production of hydrogen
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A library consisting of characterized marine natural products as well as synthetic derivatives was screened for compounds capable of inhibiting the production of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) by cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS). Eight hits were validated and shown to inhibit CBS activity with IC 50 values ranging from 83 to 187 mu;M. The majority of hits came from a series of synthetic polyandrocarpamine derivatives. In addition, a modified fluorogenic probe for H 2 S detection with improved solubility in aqueous solutions is reported.
- Community forest management and REDD+
- | Forest policy and economics (v.56 / pp.27-37 / 20151389-9341)
- The urgent need to limit anthropogenic carbon emissions has led to the global initiative on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+). One opti
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The urgent need to limit anthropogenic carbon emissions has led to the global initiative on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+). One option to facilitate the design and implementation of REDD+ is to build on the experiences of community forest management (CFM). Despite tensions between the central objectives of REDD+ and CFM, the two policy interventions share the objective of managing forests sustainably. REDD+ projects can build on and benefit from the environmental, social, human, and institutional capital associated with existing community forest governance. Using a comparative case approach with studies from Nepal and Tanzania, we illustrate interactions between REDD+ and CFM. In Nepal, most REDD+ pilot projects have been located in community forest sites, especially in high-carbon forests. In Tanzania, REDD+ funding is being used to expand the area of forest under Participatory Forest Management. Our study also highlights how community forestry institutions may need to be modified to satisfy key REDD+ criteria. Greater institutional coordination, equitable benefit sharing mechanisms, and higher community capacity for monitoring, reporting, and verification are key areas needing change. There are significant risks, but the vast experience and significant successes of CFM can improve prospects for achieving REDD+ objectives in other less-industrialized, forested countries.
- A Simple Card Game To Teach Synthesis in Organic Chemistry Courses
- Farmer, Steven C., Schuman, Molly K. | Journal of chemical education (v.93 / no.4 / pp.695-698 / 20160021-9584)
- The sheer number of reactions covered in an undergraduate organic chemistry course can be overwhelming. Students are expected to demonstrate a thorough knowledge of these
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The sheer number of reactions covered in an undergraduate organic chemistry course can be overwhelming. Students are expected to demonstrate a thorough knowledge of these reactions in order to understand the logic of organic synthesis. A method that allows students to systematically solve organic synthesis problems without memorizing dozens of reactions would be beneficial. Two new card games, Synthesis and Synthetic Dominos, have been developed using a variation of traditional flash cards. Both of these games allow players to develop the logical skills needed to solve organic synthesis problems, review organic functional groups, and review reaction reagents. The first game, Synthesis, is a solitaire game that uses reaction cards to link up a starting material and target by connecting functional group conversions. The game play mimics the process used to solve synthesis problems. The second game, Synthetic Dominos, is a single-player or multiplayer game that has a gameplay similar to that of Dominos. An initial functional group card is dealt, and then players play their cards to build off this initial card. Strings of functional group conversions develop as the game progresses. These games are an excellent method of developing the logic for solving synthesis problems and reviewing organic reactions. These games are especially effective in lower-division organic chemistry courses, upper-division organic synthesis courses, and preparing for placement exams, such as the MCAT and ACS. Graphic Abstract ACS Electronic Supporting Info
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