Chloride transporter KCC2-dependent neuroprotection depends on the N-terminal protein domain.

Winkelmann, A, Semtner, M, Meier, J C | Cell death disease (v.6 / pp.1776 / 2015)

Neurodegeneration is a serious issue of neurodegenerative diseases including epilepsy. Downregulation of the chloride transporter KCC2 in the epileptic tissue may not onl

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Neurodegeneration is a serious issue of neurodegenerative diseases including epilepsy. Downregulation of the chloride transporter KCC2 in the epileptic tissue may not only affect regulation of the polarity of GABAergic synaptic transmission but also neuronal survival. Here, we addressed the mechanisms of KCC2-dependent neuroprotection by assessing truncated and mutated KCC2 variants in different neurotoxicity models. The results identify a threonine- and tyrosine-phosphorylation-resistant KCC2 variant with increased chloride transport activity, but they also identify the KCC2 N-terminal domain (NTD) as the relevant minimal KCC2 protein domain that is sufficient for neuroprotection. As ectopic expression of the KCC2-NTD works independently of full-length KCC2-dependent regulation of Cl(-) transport or structural KCC2 C-terminus-dependent regulation of synaptogenesis, our study may pave the way for a selective neuroprotective therapeutic strategy that will be applicable to a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases.

Handling uncertainty in health care management using the cardinality-constrained approach: Advantages and remarks

| Operations Research for Health Care (v.4 / pp.1-4 / 20152211-6923)

Different approaches have been proposed in the literature to handle uncertain parameters in health care optimisation problems. Among them, the cardinality-constrained app

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Different approaches have been proposed in the literature to handle uncertain parameters in health care optimisation problems. Among them, the cardinality-constrained approach to robust optimisation seems suitable for handling several of these problems because it allows a trade-off between the level of robustness and the cost of the solution, and an easy implementation that can be understood by clinicians and planners without any background in operations research. Thus far, however, cardinality-constrained approach has rarely been applied to health care. We recently applied the cardinality-constrained approach to two relevant health care management problems, namely, the operating room planning problem and the nurse-to-patient assignment problem in home care services. In this communication, we briefly describe our experience and focus on general considerations, advantages, and remarks that can help operations researchers in evaluating the approach for other applications in health care management.

Crystallinity effect on the structural relaxation of polyethylene naphtalate (PEN) by TSDC and DSC experiments

Abdi, C., Khemici, M. W., Doulache, N. | IEEE transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation : a publication of the IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society (v.22 / no.3 / pp.1406-1414 / 20151070-9878)

The effect of physical ageing process on the electrical and thermal properties of amorphous and semi-crystalline PEN was investigated by means of the thermally stimulated

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The effect of physical ageing process on the electrical and thermal properties of amorphous and semi-crystalline PEN was investigated by means of the thermally stimulated depolarization currents (TSDC) and the differential scannig calorimetry (DSC). The TSDC measurements revealed a significant decrease in the mobility of the molecular chains in the amorphous PEN (PEN a ), aged at a temperature T g -10K (T g is the glass transition temperature). This mobility is directly related to the polarisation corresponding to the main relaxation of the material. This phenomenon was also observed in the case of biaxially stretched PEN (PEN biax ). However, it is much less important in this case. The calorimetric technique (DSC) showed, in the case of PENa, that the effect of ageing is particularly important when the ageing time increases with a maximum effect for ageing temperature equal to T g -10 K. In the other side, no effect was observed on the semi crystalline PENbiax by the DSC technique unlike the TSDC technique. These results confirm again the high resolving power of this latter. Also, the effect of crystallinity on the structural relaxation of PEN was highlighted and is summeryzed as following : firstly, we have observed a decrease in the TSDC peak's intensity of the #x03B1;-relaxation and in the recovery enthalpy of the structural relaxation when the crystallinity rate increases. Secondly, an increase in the activation energy #x0394;h* with the increase in the crystallinity rate and a decrease in the limit fictive temperature T' f were observed.

Caesarean delivery and risk of childhood leukaemia: a pooled analysis from the Childhood Leukemia International Consortium (CLIC)

Marcotte, E.L., Thomopoulos, T.P., Infante-Rivard, C., Clavel, J., Petridou, E.T., Schuz, J., Ezzat, S., Dockerty, J.D., Metayer, C., Magnani, C., Scheurer, M.E., Mueller, B.A., Mora, A.M., Wesseling, C., Skalkidou, A., Rashed, W.M., Francis, S.S., Ajrouche, R., Erdmann, F., Orsi, L., Spector, L.G. | The Lancet Haematology (v.3 / no.4 / pp.e176-e185 / 20162352-3026)

Background: Results from case-control studies have shown an increased risk of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in young children born by caesarean delivery, and prelab

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Background: Results from case-control studies have shown an increased risk of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in young children born by caesarean delivery, and prelabour caesarean delivery in particular; however, an association of method of delivery with childhood leukaemia subtypes has yet to be established. We therefore did a pooled analysis of data to investigate the association between childhood leukaemia and caesarean delivery. Methods: We pooled data from 13 case-control studies from the Childhood Leukemia International Consortium done in nine countries (Canada, Costa Rica, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, New Zealand, and the USA) for births from 1970-2013. We analysed caesarean delivery overall and by indications that probably resulted in prelabour caesarean delivery or emergency caesarean delivery. We used multivariable logistic regression models, adjusted for child's birthweight, sex, age, ethnic origin, parental education, maternal age, and study, to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for the risk of ALL and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in children aged 0-14 years at diagnosis. Findings: The studies provided data for 8780 ALL cases, 1332 AML cases, and 23@?459 controls, of which the birth delivery method was known for 8655 (99%) ALL cases, 1292 (97%) AML cases, and 23@?351 ( gt;99%) controls. Indications for caesarean delivery were available in four studies (there were caesarean deliveries for 1061 of 4313 ALL cases, 138 of 664 AML cases, and 1401 of 5884 controls). The OR for all indications of caesarean delivery and ALL was 1.06 (95% CI 0.99-1.13), and was significant for prelabour caesarean delivery and ALL (1.23 [1.04-1.47]; p=0.018). Emergency caesarean delivery was not associated with ALL (OR 1.02 [95% CI 0.81-1.30]). AML was not associated with caesarean delivery (all indications OR 0.99 [95% CI 0.84-1.17]; prelabour caesarean delivery 0.83 [0.54-1.26]; and emergency caesarean delivery 1.05 [0.63-1.77]). Interpretation: Our results suggest an increased risk of childhood ALL after prelabour caesarean delivery. If this association is causal, maladaptive immune activation due to an absence of stress response before birth in children born by prelabour caesarean delivery could be considered as a potential mechanism. Funding: National Cancer Institute.

The Boundaries of Property: Complexity, Relationality, and Spatiality

Blomley, Nicholas | Law society review (v.50 / no.1 / pp.224-255 / 20160023-9216)

What does the property boundary mean to laypersons? How do everyday geographies of property work? Merrill and Smith offer an influential set of hypotheses concerning the

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What does the property boundary mean to laypersons? How do everyday geographies of property work? Merrill and Smith offer an influential set of hypotheses concerning the boundary's role in communicating simple messages of exclusion in the everyday world. The first goal of this article is to assess these claims. Drawing from qualitative data on gardening from Vancouver, I suggest that the messages of the boundary may also be complex, intersubjective, and ambiguous. The supposedly robust moral intuitions that inform people's interactions with boundaries are not always exclusionary. Drawing from the sharp distinction between the heterogeneity of the empirical record and the studied simplicity of Merrill and Smith's account, my second goal is to make some broader claims regarding property and the boundary. Rather than seeking universality, simplicity, and singularity, I suggest the necessity and value of working with complexity. A relational view of property and space (or ldquo;spatiality rdquo;), I suggest, offers us a better perspective in which to begin to think about the complex work of the everyday property boundary.

Community, virtue and the White British poor

Merry, Michael S, Manley, David, Harris, Richard | Dialogues in human geography (v.6 / no.1 / pp.50-68 / 20162043-8206)

Whilst media and political rhetoric in Britain is sceptical and often outright damning of the (presumed) morals and behaviours of the White marginalized poor, our aim is

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Whilst media and political rhetoric in Britain is sceptical and often outright damning of the (presumed) morals and behaviours of the White marginalized poor, our aim is to explore the conditions under which successful communities are nevertheless built. Specifically, we examine the features of community and stress its importance both for belonging and bonding around shared norms and practices and for fostering the necessary bridging essential for interacting and cooperating with others. In considering what it means to foster a community that acts as a breakwater against the tides of stigma or disadvantage, we pay special attention to what we will call enabling conditions #x2013; essential features that communities either can or should be able to provide or that exist independent of communities and are indispensable for accessing opportunities in the wider society. We detail the dynamics of White poverty and exclusion before turning our attention to possible responses to these challenges. In searching for viable responses to stigma and disadvantage, we compare some different typologies of community presently available to the White poor in Britain and examine whether these are sufficient to satisfy the enabling conditions associated with more robust forms of group membership.

Special issue: Combining probability and logic

Landes, J., Williamson, J. | Journal of applied logic (v.14 / pp.1-2 / 20161570-8683)

This editorial explains the scope of the special issue and provides a thematic introduction to the contributed papers.

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This editorial explains the scope of the special issue and provides a thematic introduction to the contributed papers.

Vapor ndash;Liquid and Solid ndash;Liquid Modeling with a Universal Quasichemical Segment-Based Activity Coefficient Model

Haghtalab, Ali, Yousefi Seyf, Jaber | Industrial engineering chemistry research (v.54 / no.34 / pp.8611-8623 / 20150888-5885)

A segment-based activity coefficient model is developed through the Universal Quasichemical (UNIQUAC-SAC) approach and is applied for vapor ndash;liquid and solid ndash;l

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A segment-based activity coefficient model is developed through the Universal Quasichemical (UNIQUAC-SAC) approach and is applied for vapor ndash;liquid and solid ndash;liquid equilibrium calculations. We incorporated the conceptual segment approach of the NRTL-SAC activity coefficient model with modification of binary interaction parameters for the conceptual segments. The conceptual segments are represented by n -hexane, dimethyl sulfoxide, nitromethane, and water as hydrophobic, polar attractive, polar repulsive, and hydrophilic, respectively. The UNIQUAC-SAC molecular parameters are obtained for 82 common solvents, 62 of which are common solvents in the pharmaceutical industry. The UNIQUAC-SAC and NRTL-SAC models are employed to compute the vapor ndash;liquid equilibrium of binary, ternary, and quaternary systems. In most cases, the UNIQUAC-SAC model gives a better prediction than the NERL-SAC model. Moreover, the UNIQUAC-SAC model is extended to modeling the solubility of organic nonelectrolyte solute in common solvents. Finally, using the UNIQUAC-SAC and NRTL-SAC models, the solubility data of several pharmaceutical solutes is calculated in one- and two-solvent systems and compared with experimental results. Graphic Abstract

Activating the sociological imagination to explore the boundaries of resilience research and practice

VanderPlaat, Madine | School psychology international (v.37 / no.2 / pp.189-203 / 20160143-0343)

Traditionally, the field of resilience research, especially as it relates to children and youth, has been well ensconced in the discipline of psychology. Sociologists, wh

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Traditionally, the field of resilience research, especially as it relates to children and youth, has been well ensconced in the discipline of psychology. Sociologists, when they do engage with the concept, tend to do so at the level of the community. In recent years, an increasing number of scholars have called for a construction of resilience and resilience-promoting interventions that recognizes the importance of context and culture for the positive development of youth living in stressful circumstances. As such, the social ecologies surrounding a youth and the responsiveness of interventions within these ecologies are argued to be as important, if not more so, than the risk and protective factors characterizing the individual. This shift in gaze from the individual to systemic structures creates important challenges for practitioners such as school psychologists and opens up an interesting discursive space for sociologists to participate in the exploration and explication of what the concept of resilience is all about. In this article I explore how a sociological perspective can enrich the discourse and how the activation of the sociological imagination can serve to expand the boundaries of resilience research and school psychology practice.

A recombinant field strain of Marek's disease (MD) virus with reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat insert lacking the meq gene as a vaccine against MD

Su, S., Cui, N., Zhou, Y., Chen, Z., Li, Y., Ding, J., Wang, Y., Duan, L., Cui, Z. | Vaccine (v.33 / no.5 / pp.596-603 / 20150264-410x)

Marek's disease virus (MDV) GX0101, which is a field strain with a naturally occurring insertion of the reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) long terminal repeat (LTR) fragm

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Marek's disease virus (MDV) GX0101, which is a field strain with a naturally occurring insertion of the reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) long terminal repeat (LTR) fragment, shows distinct biological activities. Deletion of the meq gene in GX0101 contributes to its complete loss of pathogenicity and oncogenicity in SPF chickens, but this virus has a kanamycin resistance gene (kan r ) residual at the site of meq gene. In the present study, the kan r was knocked out and a meq-null virus with a good replicative ability termed SC9-1 was selected. In vivo studies showed that SC9-1 had no pathogenicity or tumorigenicity to chickens. There were no obvious impacts on chicken weight, immune organ index or antibody levels induced by avian influenza virus (AIV)/newcastle disease virus (NDV) inactivated vaccines compared with the control group. The SC9-1 virus provided superior protection than CVI988/Rispens vaccine in both SPF chickens and Hy-line brown chickens when challenged with a very virulent MDV (rMd5 strain). There was no obvious change in SC9-1 protection against MDV rMd5 in SPF chickens after 20 passages in chicken embryonic fibroblast cells (CEFs). In conclusion, SC9-1 is a safe and effective vaccine candidate for the prevention of Marek's disease.

Senior GRADE methodologists encounter challenges as part of WHO guideline development panels: an inductive content analysis

Alexander, P.E., Li, S.A., Gionfriddo, M.R., Stoltzfus, R.J., Neumann, I., Brito, J.P., Djulbegovic, B., Montori, V.M., Schunemann, H.J., Guyatt, G.H. | Journal of clinical epidemiology (v.70 / pp.123-128 / 20160895-4356)

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies a substantial proportion of their recommendations as strong despite low or very low confidence (certainty) in e

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Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies a substantial proportion of their recommendations as strong despite low or very low confidence (certainty) in estimates of effect. Such discordant recommendations are often inconsistent with Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) guidance. Objective: To gain the perspective of senior WHO methodology chairs regarding panels' use of GRADE, particularly regarding discordant recommendations. Data sources: Senior active GRADE methodologists who had served on at least two WHO panels and were an author on at least one peer-reviewed published article on GRADE methodology. Methods: Five eligible methodologists participated in detailed semistructured interviews. Respondents answered questions regarding how they were viewed by other panelists and WHO leadership, and how they handled situations when panelists made discordant recommendations they felt were inappropriate. They also provided information on how the process can be improved. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, and inductive content analysis was used to derive codes, categories, and emergent themes. Results: Three themes emerged from the interviews of five methodologists: (1) The perceived role of methodologists in the process, (2) Contributors to discordant recommendations, and (3) Strategies for improvement. Salient findings included (1) a perceived tension between methodologists and WHO panels as a result of panel members' resistance to adhering to GRADE guidance; (2) both financial and nonfinancial conflicts of interest among panel members as an explanation for discordant recommendations; and (3) the need for greater clarity of, and support for, the role of methodologists as co-chairs of panels. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the role of the GRADE methodologist as a co-chair needs to be clarified by the WHO leadership. They further suggest the need for additional training for panelists, quality monitoring, and feedback to ensure optimal use of GRADE in guideline development at WHO.

Statistical analysis of empirical lifetime mileage data for automotive LCA

Weymar, E., Finkbeiner, M. | The international journal of life cycle assessment (v.21 / no.2 / pp.215-223 / 20160948-3349)

The effect of external Lewis base (B//e) on the polymerization of ethylene by the MgCl//2/ethyl benzoate/p-cresol/AlEt//3/TiCl//4 catalyst was studied by activation with

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Illustrating Concepts in Physical Organic Chemistry with 3D Printed Orbitals

Robertson, Michael J., Jorgensen, William L. | Journal of chemical education (v.92 / no.12 / pp.2113-2116 / 20150021-9584)

Orbital theory provides a powerful tool for rationalizing and understanding many phenomena in chemistry. In most introductory chemistry courses, students are introduced t

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Orbital theory provides a powerful tool for rationalizing and understanding many phenomena in chemistry. In most introductory chemistry courses, students are introduced to atomic and molecular orbitals in the form of two-dimensional drawings. In this work, we describe a general method for producing 3D printing files of orbital models that can be employed with most popular software packages for performing electronic structure calculations and molecular visualization. Methods for producing both solid and mesh orbitals are provided, including pointers for producing a model that is both informative and structurally sound. Finally, numerous examples of various systems of interest in physical organic chemistry are provided in the .stl format for 3D printing, as well as a fully illustrated tutorial for the process. Graphic Abstract ACS Electronic Supporting Info

Senior Hunger : The Importance of Quality Assessment Tools in Determining Need

Gualtieri, Marie C., Donley, Amy M. | Journal of applied social science (v.10 / no.1 / pp.8-21 / 20161936-7244)

Food insecurity is not a new phenomenon experienced by seniors living in the United States. In a recent report by Feeding America, approximately 4.8 million Americans ove

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Food insecurity is not a new phenomenon experienced by seniors living in the United States. In a recent report by Feeding America, approximately 4.8 million Americans over the age of 60 are food insecure. The findings from this study call for major policy and funding implications. Through semistructured, face-to-face interviews, this study found how the assessment tools determining the relative need for these seniors underestimate the scope of their experiences relating to food insecurity. The assessment tool used by this particular program is based on federally recommended questions. These same questions are used by agencies across the nation that receive federal funding. This is problematic as this study shows that the current assessment tool does not properly capture some of the barriers many older Americans are facing in trying to obtain food.

Performance improvement of flame-retarded poly(butylene terephthalate)/aluminum diethylphosphinate composites by epoxy-functional polysiloxane

Han, X., Zhao, J., Liu, S., Yuan, Y. | High performance polymers (v.27 / no.6 / pp.742-748 / 20150954-0083)

An epoxy-functional polysiloxane (EPM) was employed for improving the performance of flame-retarded poly(butylene terephthalate)/aluminum diethylphosphinate (PBT/AlPi) co

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An epoxy-functional polysiloxane (EPM) was employed for improving the performance of flame-retarded poly(butylene terephthalate)/aluminum diethylphosphinate (PBT/AlPi) composites. The effect was investigated by UL-94 test, limiting oxygen index, mechanical test, torque rheometer measurement, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and heat distortion temperature. An obvious increase in torque evolution of the PBT/AlPi composite during processing was associated with chain-extending, branching, and cross-linking reaction by the combination of EPM. The addition of 0.6 wt% EPM remarkably enhanced not only the mechanical properties but also the flame retardancy and heat resistance of the PBT/AlPi composite. A high-performance PBT/AlPi composite was developed by virtue of EPM.

The 2014 Farm Bill and the WTO

Glauber, Joseph W., Westhoff, Patrick | American journal of agricultural economics (v.97 / no.5 / pp.1287-1297 / 20150002-9092)

The 2014 farm bill reduced expected budgetary costs of US farm programs, according to estimates prepared by the Congressional Budget Office. Cost projections are very sen

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The 2014 farm bill reduced expected budgetary costs of US farm programs, according to estimates prepared by the Congressional Budget Office. Cost projections are very sensitive to market conditions and program participation assumptions, and stochastic analysis indicates that farm program costs could easily differ from expected values by $5 billion or more in any given year. By replacing direct payments with new policies that make payments tied to market prices and yields, the bill could have important World Trade Organization (WTO) implications. If the new policies are classified as non-commodity specific amber box support, projections indicate that existing WTO limits on the current Aggregate Measure of Support would not be exceeded on average, but could be under some market conditions. Furthermore, the new policies are very likely to exceed some WTO rules proposed by various parties in the Doha Round negotiations.

Spectrometers for RF breakdown studies for CLIC

Jacewicz, M., Ziemann, V., Ekelof, T., Dubrovskiy, A., Ruber, R. | Nuclear instruments methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment (v.828 / pp.63-71 / 20160168-9002)

An e + e - collider of several TeV energy will be needed for the precision studies of any new physics discovered at the LHC collider at CERN. One promising candidate

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An e + e - collider of several TeV energy will be needed for the precision studies of any new physics discovered at the LHC collider at CERN. One promising candidate is CLIC, a linear collider which is based on a two-beam acceleration scheme that efficiently solves the problem of power distribution to the acceleration structures. The phenomenon that currently prevents achieving high accelerating gradients in high energy accelerators such as the CLIC is the electrical breakdown at very high electrical field. The ongoing experimental work within the CLIC collaboration is trying to benchmark the theoretical models focusing on the physics of vacuum breakdown which is responsible for the discharges. In order to validate the feasibility of accelerating structures and observe the characteristics of the vacuum discharges and their eroding effects on the structure two dedicated spectrometers are now commissioned at the high-power test-stands at CERN. First, the so called Flashbox has opened up a possibility for non-invasive studies of the emitted breakdown currents during two-beam acceleration experiments. It gives a unique possibility to measure the energy of electrons and ions in combination with the arrival time spectra and to put that in context with accelerated beam, which is not possible at any of the other existing test-stands. The second instrument, a spectrometer for detection of the dark and breakdown currents, is operated at one of the 12GHz stand-alone test-stands at CERN. Built for high repetition rate operation it can measure the spatial and energy distributions of the electrons emitted from the acceleration structure during a single RF pulse. Two new analysis tools: discharge impedance tracking and tomographic image reconstruction, applied to the data from the spectrometer make possible for the first time to obtain the location of the breakdown inside the structure both in the transversal and longitudinal direction thus giving a more complete picture of the vacuum breakdown phenomenon.

Community care reaches out for the mobile moment

Wallace, Simon | Clinical governance: an international journal (v.20 / no.3 / pp.123-133 / 20151477-7274)

Purpose ndash; The purpose of this paper is to explore the quite extraordinary way the phenomena of mobile communication has gripped our society and the opportunities t

초록보기원문보기 >

Purpose ndash; The purpose of this paper is to explore the quite extraordinary way the phenomena of mobile communication has gripped our society and the opportunities this provides for healthcare. Design/methodology/approach ndash; It describes the ticking public health time bomb surrounding long term conditions and dementia and the need to radically overhaul how community services are delivered. It dissects the opportunities and challenges of providing a mobile health and social care service in the community and explores what a mobile moment means for these professionals. Findings ndash; It stresses that the answer is NOT to simply provide an organisation rsquo;s IT back-office environment in the field and describes the concept of a dedicated organisation app platform tailored to meet this need. Originality/value ndash; The paper concludes by reviewing recent evidence about the benefits and opportunities for health and social care organisations to embrace mobile working.

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins in the soils of two different Chinese cities: Occurrence, homologue patterns and vertical migration

Huang, Y., Chen, L., Feng, Y., Ye, Z., He, Q., Feng, Q., Qing, X., Liu, M., Gao, B. | The Science of the total environment (v.557 / pp.644-651 / 20160048-9697)

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are candidate persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that are under review by the Stockholm Convention. China is currently the lar

초록보기원문보기 >

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are candidate persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that are under review by the Stockholm Convention. China is currently the largest producer and consumer of chlorinated paraffins (CPs). To study the environmental behavior and fate of SCCPs in the soils of urban and suburban regions, the SCCP concentrations in 88 topsoils and 15 soil columns from land of different use types (e.g., woodland, vegetable field, paddy field and greenbelt) from Guangzhou and Chengdu have been determined. The SCCP concentrations in topsoils from Guangzhou (range: 1.45-25.5ngg -1 dry weight (dw), average: 10.3ngg -1 dw) were much higher than those from Chengdu (range: 0.218-3.26ngg -1 dw, average: 1.43ngg -1 dw). When compared to previously reported SCCP levels for topsoils from other areas, the SCCP concentrations measured in the present work were quite low. Much higher SCCP concentrations were observed in the greenbelt topsoils from Chengdu relative to the values measured from woodlands and vegetable and paddy fields. The composition profiles suggest that C 10 Cl 6-10 and C 11-13 Cl 6-8 were the major groups of SCCPs in topsoils from the woodlands and vegetable and paddy fields in Guangzhou and Chengdu. Vertical variations of the SCCP concentrations in the soil columns suggest that less chlorinated SCCPs (Cl 5-6 -SCCPs) are more capable of migrating to the deeper-layer soils than more chlorinated ones (Cl 9-10 -SCCPs). The SCCP concentrations displayed little dependence on organic matter (OM) for most topsoils (p gt;0.05), indicating that OM is not the controlling factor in the distribution of SCCPs in the soils. Capsule: This study analyzed the occurrence, homologue patterns and vertical migration of SCCPs in the topsoils of two Chinese cities with different industrial structures and climate conditions.

Cultural Value Shifting in Pronoun Use

Yu, Feng, Peng, Theodore, Peng, Kaiping, Tang, Shi, Chen, Chuan Shi, Qian, Xiaojun, Sun, Pei, Han, Tingting, Chai, Fangyuan | Journal of cross-cultural psychology (v.47 / no.2 / pp.310-316 / 20160022-0221)

By investigating the use of first-person pronouns in nine languages using the Google Ngram Database, we examined the degree to which different cultural values skewed towa

초록보기원문보기 >

By investigating the use of first-person pronouns in nine languages using the Google Ngram Database, we examined the degree to which different cultural values skewed toward individualism or collectivism over a span of 59 years. We found that in eight of nine languages (British English being the exception), first-person singular pronouns (vs. first-person plural pronouns) have become increasingly prevalent, which in turn points to a rising sense of individualism. British English showed a U-shaped curve trend in the use of first-person singular pronouns (vs. first-person plural pronouns). Although they initially decreased, British English #x2019;s first-person singular pronouns (vs. first-person plural pronouns) use was higher than most other languages throughout the whole period. Chinese displayed a fluctuating pattern wherein the use of first-person singular pronouns (vs. first-person plural pronouns) increased in recent periods. The dynamics of cultural change and culture diversity were discussed.