- Highly chlorinated unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants generated during the methanol-based production of chlorinated methanes: A case study in China
- | Chemosphere (v.133 / pp.1-5 / 20150045-6535)
- The formation of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants (POPs) may occur during various chlorination processes. In this study, emissions of unintentionall
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The formation of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants (POPs) may occur during various chlorination processes. In this study, emissions of unintentionally produced POPs during the methanol-based production of chlorinated methanes were investigated. High concentrations of highly chlorinated compounds such as decachlorobiphenyl, octachloronaphthalene, octachlorostyrene, hexachlorobutadiene, hexachlorocyclopentadiene, hexachlorobenzene, and pentachlorobenzene were found in the carbon tetrachloride byproduct of the methanol-based production of chlorinated methanes. The total emission amounts of hexachlorocyclopentadiene, hexachlorobutadiene, polychlorinated benzenes, polychlorinated naphthalenes, octachlorostyrene, and polychlorinated biphenyls released during the production of chlorinated methanes in China in 2010 were estimated to be 10080, 7350, 5210, 427, 212, and 167kg, respectively. Moreover, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were formed unintentionally during chlorinated methanes production, the emission factor for PCDDs/DFs was 364 mu;g toxic equivalency quotient (TEQ) t -1 product for residues, which should be added into the UNEP toolkit for updating. It was worth noting that a high overall toxic equivalency quotient from polychlorinated naphthalenes and PCDDs/DFs was generated from the chlorinated methanes production in China in 2010. The values reached 563 and 32.8g TEQ, respectively. The results of the study indicate that more research and improved management systems are needed to ensure that the methanol-based production of chlorinated methanes can be achieved safely.
- Chloride Accumulators NKCC1 and AE2 in Mouse GnRH Neurons: Implications for GABAA Mediated Excitation.
- Taylor-Burds, Carol, Cheng, Paul, Wray, Susan | PloS one (v.10 / no.6 / pp.0131076 / 2015)
- A developmental 'switch' in chloride transporters occurs in most neurons resulting in GABAA mediated hyperpolarization in the adult. However, several neuronal cell subtyp
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A developmental 'switch' in chloride transporters occurs in most neurons resulting in GABAA mediated hyperpolarization in the adult. However, several neuronal cell subtypes maintain primarily depolarizing responses to GABAA receptor activation. Among this group are gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1 (GnRH) neurons, which control puberty and reproduction. NKCC1 is the primary chloride accumulator in neurons, expressed at high levels early in development and contributes to depolarization after GABAA receptor activation. In contrast, KCC2 is the primary chloride extruder in neurons, expressed at high levels in the adult and contributes to hyperpolarization after GABAA receptor activation. Anion exchangers (AEs) are also potential modulators of responses to GABAA activation since they accumulate chloride and extrude bicarbonate. To evaluate the mechanism(s) underlying GABAA mediated depolarization, GnRH neurons were analyzed for 1) expression of chloride transporters and AEs in embryonic, pre-pubertal, and adult mice 2) responses to GABAA receptor activation in NKCC1-/- mice and 3) function of AEs in these responses. At all ages, GnRH neurons were immunopositive for NKCC1 and AE2 but not KCC2 or AE3. Using explants, calcium imaging and gramicidin perforated patch clamp techniques we found that GnRH neurons from NKCC1-/- mice retained relatively normal responses to the GABAA agonist muscimol. However, acute pharmacological inhibition of NKCC1 with bumetanide eliminated the depolarization/calcium response to muscimol in 40% of GnRH neurons from WT mice. In the remaining GnRH neurons, HCO3- mediated mechanisms accounted for the remaining calcium responses to muscimol. Collectively these data reveal mechanisms responsible for maintaining depolarizing GABAA mediated transmission in GnRH neurons.
- The XXVI Magnetic Recording Conference 2015 Foreword
- Piramanayagam, S. N., van Ek, Jan | IEEE transactions on magnetics (v.52 / no.2 / pp.1-1 / 20160018-9464)
- On behalf of the organizing committee of the XXVI Magnetic Recording Conference (TMRC) 2015, we are pleased to present selected invited papers from the conference in this
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On behalf of the organizing committee of the XXVI Magnetic Recording Conference (TMRC) 2015, we are pleased to present selected invited papers from the conference in this issue of the IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. The conference was held at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, from August 17 to 19, 2015. The hard work and hospitality of the hosting institution and all the committee members in making this event so successful are greatly appreciated. TMRC is an annual meeting of the magnetic recording community, organized under the auspices of the IEEE Magnetics Society, with a format of all invited oral presentations. An evening poster session of the invited and contributed papers enhances further discussion between the speakers and the participants.
- Community Education for Family Planning in the U.S.
- Carter, M.W., Tregear, M.L., Moskosky, S.B. | American journal of preventive medicine (v.49 / no.2 / pp.S107-S115 / 20150749-3797)
- Context: Community education may involve activities that seek to raise awareness and promote behavior change, using mass media, social media, and other media or interpers
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Context: Community education may involve activities that seek to raise awareness and promote behavior change, using mass media, social media, and other media or interpersonal methods in community settings. This systematic review evaluated the evidence of the effects of community education on select short- and medium-term family planning outcomes. Evidence acquisition: Using an analytic approach drawn from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, multiple databases were searched for articles published from January 1985 through February 2011 describing studies of community education related to family planning in the U.S. Included articles were reviewed and assessed for potential bias using a standardized process in 2011. An updated, targeted review for the 2011-2014 period was conducted in early 2015. Evidence synthesis: Seventeen papers were identified. Most (nine) related to mass media interventions; three involved targeted print media, two involved text messaging or e-mail, two described outcome workers conducting community education, and one involved community theater. Study designs, strength of evidence, and levels of possible bias varied widely. Twelve of 15 studies that addressed outcomes such as increased awareness found positive associations with those outcomes, with six also reporting null findings. Seven of eight studies that addressed use of services reported positive associations, with two also reporting null findings. The targeted, additional review identified two other studies. Conclusions: Evidence related to community education for family planning purposes is limited and highly variable. As goals of community education are usually limited to shorter-term outcomes, the evidence suggests that a range of approaches may be effective.
- Measuring the economic impact of tourism: the case of Lower and Upper Austria
- Smeral, Egon | Tourism review of AIEST--International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism = Revue de tourisme (v.70 / no.4 / pp.289-297 / 20151660-5373)
- Purpose ndash; This study aims to demonstrate that the information content of a regional tourism satellite account (RTSA) is a very complex phenomenon and the complete
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Purpose ndash; This study aims to demonstrate that the information content of a regional tourism satellite account (RTSA) is a very complex phenomenon and the complete impact of tourism is difficult to capture. Design/methodology/approach ndash; The study is based on the recommended framework for tourism satellite account-building and is concentrated on Lower and Upper Austria, two of the nine Austrian federal states. The RTSA provides an analytical framework of issues related to tourism economics and tourism policy as well as for model building, tourism growth analysis and productivity measurement. Findings ndash; Considering only direct effects, calculations showed that tourism made around 3 1/2 per cent of the Upper Austrian gross regional product. In case of Lower Austria, the relevant figure was around 1 percentage lower. Considering the direct and indirect effects, tourism contributed almost 6 per cent to the overall gross regional product of Upper Austria, and in Lower Austria, tourism contributed around 5 per cent to the overall gross regional product. Originality/value ndash; This paper is one of the first papers about considering (beside the direct effects) also the indirect effects of tourism and pointing out the true economic impact of tourism on the whole economy on a regional level.
- Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and its application in analyzing factors inhibiting implementation of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM)
- Poduval, Prasanth S., Pramod, V. R., V. P., Jagathy Raj | The International journal of quality reliability management (v.32 / no.3 / pp.308-331 / 20150265-671x)
- Purpose ndash; The purpose of this paper is to highlight the application of Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) to analyze the barriers in implementation of Total Pr
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Purpose ndash; The purpose of this paper is to highlight the application of Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) to analyze the barriers in implementation of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM). TPM is explained in brief with emphasis on maintenance programs to improve quality of products, reliability of processes and reduction in cost. Barriers in implementation of TPM are also discussed. Concept of ISM and steps in developing ISM are described in detail. The authors then illustrate the research methodology which involves applying ISM to analyze barriers in TPM. Design/methodology/approach ndash; The paper starts off by describing the concepts of TPM and ISM. Barriers in implementation of TPM are discussed. It explains ISM as a methodology to understand the underlying interrelationship among the inhibiting factors. The authors draw up an action plan to carry out research on the usage of ISM to study the TPM inhibitors, to develop an integrated model to establish the relationship among the different TPM inhibiting factors and to suggest action plan to mitigate these factors. Findings ndash; Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) can be used to analyze the driving and dependence power of the variables inhibiting implementation of TPM. The barriers to implement TPM are described with detailed explanation. The complexity of the problem and the degree of interconnection among the variables can be found out. This will help Managers take action on mitigating the barriers. Practical implications ndash; By analyzing the interrelationships among the barriers and their strengths, management can chalk out the strategy to implement TPM in an organization. Management will become aware of the barriers which have the maximum influence and then can act accordingly to mitigate these barriers. This will help in implementing TPM faster and in an organized manner. Originality/value ndash; Many authors have used ISM to study various issues. A couple of authors have used ISM to determine barriers in implementation of TPM. The authors feel that most of the papers describe ISM in brief making it slightly difficult for readers to understand. This paper aims to explain elaborately step-by-step on how to develop an ISM making it easier for researchers to understand the ISM concept. Even though there are papers on TPM and difficulties in implementation of TPM, this paper explains the barriers in implementing TPM based on the experience of the corresponding author having worked in the refinery industry.
- Anomalies of Imagination and Disordered Self in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
- Rasmussen, Andreas Ros #x00E9, n, Parnas, Josef | Psychopathology (v.48 / no.5 / pp.317-323 / 20150254-4962)
- Abstract Vivid mental imagery occurs frequently in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs). Overlapping phenomena, such as obsessions or ruminations, are also frequent i
ÃʷϺ¸±â¿ø¹®º¸±â >
Abstract Vivid mental imagery occurs frequently in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs). Overlapping phenomena, such as obsessions or ruminations, are also frequent in other psychiatric disorders, raising significant diagnostic challenges. Unfortunately, contemporary operational psychopathology lacks the epistemological and phenomenological framework to address such questions. Using the resources of phenomenology and philosophy of mind, we articulate the structure of imagination and describe its distinctive modifications in the SSDs. Drawing on pilot data with patients' self-descriptions, we present the notion of perceptualized imagery. The anomalous imagery acquires spatialization, spatiotemporal constancy, explorability, autonomy and a sense of experiential distance between the subject and the image. As a quasi-perceptual, stable object, such imagery often evokes an intense affective response, whereas the normal sense of #x2018;irreality' of the fantasy may become compromised. We articulate these anomalies of imagination as being entailed by the underlying generative disorder of schizophrenia, namely the disorder of minimal self (unstable ipseity or first-person perspective). We propose that pathology of imagination is an important psychopathological aspect of the schizophrenia spectrum, with significant relevance for early diagnosis and differential diagnosis. ¨Ï 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel
- Chloride-induced corrosion of steel in cracked concrete-Part II: Corrosion rate prediction models
- Otieno, M., Beushausen, H., Alexander, M. | Cement and concrete research (v.79 / pp.386-394 / 20160008-8846)
- Chloride-induced corrosion rate (i corr ) prediction models for RC structures in the marine tidal zone that incorporate the influence of crack width (w cr ), cover (c
ÃʷϺ¸±â¿ø¹®º¸±â >
Chloride-induced corrosion rate (i corr ) prediction models for RC structures in the marine tidal zone that incorporate the influence of crack width (w cr ), cover (c) and concrete quality are proposed. Parallel corrosion experiments were carried out for 2¨ùyears by exposing one half of 210 beam specimens (120x130x375mm long) to accelerated laboratory corrosion (cyclic wetting and drying) while the other half underwent natural corrosion in the tidal zone. Experimental variables were w cr (0, incipient crack, 0.4, 0.7mm), c (20, 40mm), binder type (PC, PC/GGBS, PC/FA) and w/b ratio (0.40, 0.55). The two proposed models (one each for accelerated and natural i corr ) can aid not only in quantifying the propagation phase, but also provide a novel way to select c, w cr and concrete quality.
- Evaluation of the food safety management system in a hospital food service operation toward Listeria monocytogenes
- Lahou, E., Jacxsens, L., Verbunt, E., Uyttendaele, M. | Food control (v.49 / pp.75-84 / 20150956-7135)
- The unique aspects of a hospital environment, such as the multitude of dietary needs and thus the variety of meals to be served and incoming (raw) materials to be used, c
ÃʷϺ¸±â¿ø¹®º¸±â >
The unique aspects of a hospital environment, such as the multitude of dietary needs and thus the variety of meals to be served and incoming (raw) materials to be used, challenge the development and application of appropriate control and assurance measures to guarantee food safety. Besides, Listeria monocytogenes is considered a risk for most food service operations producing and serving ready-to-eat foods. Therefore the food safety management system of a hospital food service operation has been evaluated toward L. monocytogenes with an extensive questionnaire in the preset of this case study. In addition, 49 samples of food products and 145 environmental samples were taken and analyzed for L. monocytogenes to verify the implemented control measures. From this case study, it becomes clear that incoming (raw) materials, produced final products and their immediate supply to patients/consumers are high risk situations. This was demonstrated by the presence of L. monocytogenes in six incoming (raw) materials (n = 19) and one final product (n = 9). These risky situations are in need to be mitigated by the implementation of proper control measures, e.g. intensified supplier control, low storage temperatures, cleaning and disinfection to control cross-contamination. However major improvements can be made on the hygienic design of equipment and facilities and on the level of the sampling design. In terms of assurance activities, such as setting up a sampling plan, only a basic level was obtained for the validation and verification of their food safety management system. This case study illustrates that the combination of data from the questionnaire together with data of the sampling result in an overview on the performance of the current food safety management system and that major non-compliances and possibilities for improvement in the system can be defined.
- Targeted Natural Products Discovery from Marine Cyanobacteria Using Combined Phylogenetic and Mass Spectrometric Evaluation
- Salvador-Reyes, Lilibeth A., Engene, Niclas, Paul, Valerie J., Luesch, Hendrik | Journal of natural products (v.78 / no.3 / pp.486-492 / 20150163-3864)
- Combined phylogenetic and HPLC-MS-based natural products dereplication methods aimed at identifying cyanobacterial collections containing the potent cytotoxins largazole,
ÃʷϺ¸±â¿ø¹®º¸±â >
Combined phylogenetic and HPLC-MS-based natural products dereplication methods aimed at identifying cyanobacterial collections containing the potent cytotoxins largazole, dolastatin 10, and symplostatin 1 were developed. The profiling of the phylogeny, chemical space, and antiproliferative activity of cyanobacterial collections served to streamline the prioritization of samples for the discovery of new secondary metabolites. The dereplication methods highlighted the biosynthetic potential and combinatorial pharmacology employed by marine cyanobacteria. We found that largazole was always coproduced with dolastatin 10 or with symplostatin 1 and consequently tested combinations of these agents against colon cancer cells. Combinatorial regimens of largazole and dolastatin 10 aimed at curbing the growth of HCT116 cancer cells showed cooperative activity. Graphic Abstract ACS Electronic Supporting Info
- Natural Products for Antithrombosis.
- Chen, Cen, Yang, Feng-Qing, Zhang, Qian, Wang, Feng-Qin, Hu, Yuan-Jia, Xia, Zhi-Ning | Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM (v.2015 / pp.876426 / 20151741-427x)
- Thrombosis is considered to be closely related to several diseases such as atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease and stroke, as well as rheumatoid arthritis, hyperurice
ÃʷϺ¸±â¿ø¹®º¸±â >
Thrombosis is considered to be closely related to several diseases such as atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease and stroke, as well as rheumatoid arthritis, hyperuricemia, and various inflammatory conditions. More and more studies have been focused on understanding the mechanism of molecular and cellular basis of thrombus formation as well as preventing thrombosis for the treatment of thrombotic diseases. In reality, there is considerable interest in the role of natural products and their bioactive components in the prevention and treatment of thrombosis related disorders. This paper briefly describes the mechanisms of thrombus formation on three aspects, including coagulation system, platelet activation, and aggregation, and change of blood flow conditions. Furthermore, the natural products for antithrombosis by anticoagulation, antiplatelet aggregation, and fibrinolysis were summarized, respectively.
- Assessment of organic carbon in soils: a comparison between the Springer-Klee wet digestion and the dry combustion methods in Mediterranean soils (Southern Italy)
- Vitti, C., Stellacci, A.M., Leogrande, R., Mastrangelo, M., Cazzato, E., Ventrella, D. | Catena (v.137 / pp.113-119 / 20160341-8162)
- Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the largest carbon pool in the terrestrial biosphere and it is among the most important factors responsible for conservation of soil quality.
ÃʷϺ¸±â¿ø¹®º¸±â >
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the largest carbon pool in the terrestrial biosphere and it is among the most important factors responsible for conservation of soil quality. Automated dry combustion techniques are gradually replacing traditional quantification methods based on wet digestion chemistry. Critical comparison of different methods is fundamental to reevaluate archives of SOC data and accurately assess and model long-term carbon stock variation and should be performed for different soil types and management conditions. Two analytical methods, the Springer-Klee wet digestion and the dry combustion using an automated analyser, were compared for soils typical of a Mediterranean environment in Southern Italy. Soil samples were collected from three sites, at two depths. Soils were fine textured (from clay-loam to clay) with total carbonate ranging from 6.6 to 16.7g 100g -1 . SOC content varied from 6.92 to 28.86gkg -1 (as average of the two methods), with values and ranges typical of Southern Europe. On average, Springer-Klee method gave slightly higher values and showed greater data variability. This behaviour, in agreement with other studies, can be attributed to the reaction of K 2 Cr 2 O 7 with other soil constituents and to analytical constraints. Our results suggest high consistency between Springer-Klee and dry combustion techniques and show recoveries close to one both for the whole dataset and for data grouped per experimental site or soil depth. Linear regression equations between the two methods were slightly affected by different soil types (P=0.0621). The best fitting of the relationship was a linear regression passing through the origin for the whole dataset (R adj 2 = 0.965; RPD=3.41). The strong overall agreement observed between the two methods would enable the direct comparison of new data set with those already existing in Southern Italy for soils with similar characteristics.
- Chloride Anions Regulate Kinetics but Not Voltage-Sensor Qmax of the Solute Carrier SLC26a5
- Santos-Sacchi, J., Song, L. | Biophysical journal (v.110 / no.11 / pp.2551-2561 / 20160006-3495)
- In general, SLC26 solute carriers serve to transport a variety of anions across biological membranes. However, prestin (SLC26a5) has evolved, now serving as a motor prote
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In general, SLC26 solute carriers serve to transport a variety of anions across biological membranes. However, prestin (SLC26a5) has evolved, now serving as a motor protein in outer hair cells (OHCs) of the mammalian inner ear and is required for cochlear amplification, a mechanical feedback mechanism to boost auditory performance. The mechanical activity of the OHC imparted by prestin is driven by voltage and controlled by anions, chiefly intracellular chloride. Current opinion is that chloride anions control the Boltzmann characteristics of the voltage sensor responsible for prestin activity, including Q max , the total sensor charge moved within the membrane, and V h , a measure of prestin's operating voltage range. Here, we show that standard narrow-band, high-frequency admittance measures of nonlinear capacitance (NLC), an alternate representation of the sensor's charge-voltage (Q-V) relationship, is inadequate for assessment of Q max , an estimate of the sum of unitary charges contributed by all voltage sensors within the membrane. Prestin's slow transition rates and chloride-binding kinetics adversely influence these estimates, contributing to the prevalent concept that intracellular chloride level controls the quantity of sensor charge moved. By monitoring charge movement across frequency, using measures of multifrequency admittance, expanded displacement current integration, and OHC electromotility, we find that chloride influences prestin kinetics, thereby controlling charge magnitude at any particular frequency of interrogation. Importantly, however, this chloride dependence vanishes as frequency decreases, with Q max asymptoting at a level irrespective of the chloride level. These data indicate that prestin activity is significantly low-pass in the frequency domain, with important implications for cochlear amplification. We also note that the occurrence of voltage-dependent charge movements in other SLC26 family members may be hidden by inadequate interrogation timescales, and that revelation of such activity could highlight an evolutionary means for kinetic modifications within the family to address hearing requirements in mammals.
- Clic1 plays a role in mouse hepatocarcinoma via modulating Annexin A7 and Gelsolin in vitro and in vivo
- Zhang, J., Li, M., Song, M., Chen, W., Mao, J., Song, L., Wei, Y., Huang, Y., Tang, J. | Biomedicine pharmacotherapy = Biom eacute;decine pharmacoth eacute;rapie (v.69 / pp.416-419 / 20150753-3322)
- Clic1 is a member of the family of chloride intracellular ion channels. Previous studies suggest that Clic1 is involved in migration and invasion of the lymphatic metasta
ÃʷϺ¸±â¿ø¹®º¸±â >
Clic1 is a member of the family of chloride intracellular ion channels. Previous studies suggest that Clic1 is involved in migration and invasion of the lymphatic metastasis in hepatocarcinoma, however, the mechanism is not fully understood. In the present study, we observed Clic1 is abundant in cytoplasm, higher expression in Hca-F cell than Hca-P cell, and we showed that downregulation of Clic1 by RNA interference was able to markedly enhance the expression of tumor metastasis genes Annexin A7 and Gelsolin in vitro, and downregulation of Annexin A7 and Gelsolin also enhanced the expression of Clic1 in vitro and in vivo. Our results provide novel insight that Clic1 have a role in migration and invasion in hepatocarcinoma maybe via modulating the expression of Annexin A7 and Gelsolin, and provide novel insight into the mechanisms of Clic1 for hepatocarcinoma treatment.
- Natural Products for Management of Oral Mucositis Induced by Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy
- Aghamohamamdi, Azar, Hosseinimehr, Seyed Jalal | Integrative cancer therapies (v.15 / no.1 / pp.60-68 / 20161534-7354)
- Oral mucositis is a common side effect of systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy of head and neck in patients with cancer. Severe oral mucositis is painful and affects or
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Oral mucositis is a common side effect of systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy of head and neck in patients with cancer. Severe oral mucositis is painful and affects oral functions, including intake of food and medications and speech. Prevention of oral mucositis affects the life quality of patients. Recent studies have been focused on natural products to improve or reduce this complication. Many clinical trials have been performed to assess natural products for treatment of mucositis and their results are promising. The authors reviewed the evidence for natural products in the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis induced by radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
- The Boundaries of Property: Complexity, Relationality, and Spatiality
- Blomley, Nicholas | Law society review (v.50 / no.1 / pp.224-255 / 20160023-9216)
- What does the property boundary mean to laypersons? How do everyday geographies of property work? Merrill and Smith offer an influential set of hypotheses concerning the
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What does the property boundary mean to laypersons? How do everyday geographies of property work? Merrill and Smith offer an influential set of hypotheses concerning the boundary's role in communicating simple messages of exclusion in the everyday world. The first goal of this article is to assess these claims. Drawing from qualitative data on gardening from Vancouver, I suggest that the messages of the boundary may also be complex, intersubjective, and ambiguous. The supposedly robust moral intuitions that inform people's interactions with boundaries are not always exclusionary. Drawing from the sharp distinction between the heterogeneity of the empirical record and the studied simplicity of Merrill and Smith's account, my second goal is to make some broader claims regarding property and the boundary. Rather than seeking universality, simplicity, and singularity, I suggest the necessity and value of working with complexity. A relational view of property and space (or ldquo;spatiality rdquo;), I suggest, offers us a better perspective in which to begin to think about the complex work of the everyday property boundary.
- Enhancing Thermomechanical Properties and Heat Distortion Resistance of Poly(l-lactide) with High Crystallinity under High Cooling Rate
- Yin, Hai-Yan, Wei, Xin-Feng, Bao, Rui-Ying, Dong, Quan-Xiao, Liu, Zheng-Ying, Yang, Wei, Xie, Bang-Hu, Yang, Ming-Bo | ACS sustainable chemistry et engineering (v.3 / no.4 / pp.654-661 / 2015)
- In this work, a novel, effective and simple approach to largely improve the thermomechanical properties and heat distortion resistance of biodegradable poly( l -lactide
ÃʷϺ¸±â¿ø¹®º¸±â >
In this work, a novel, effective and simple approach to largely improve the thermomechanical properties and heat distortion resistance of biodegradable poly( l -lactide) (PLLA) by using a new nucleating agent (NA), i.e., itself high-melting-point homocrystallites ( h PLLA crystallites) is reported. Specially, h PLLA crystallites with a melting temperature ( T m ) of 187 ¡ÆC were introduced into the PLLA matrix with a lower T m , i.e., 168 ¡ÆC via simply melt blending at 170 ¡ÆC which is between the T m s of the two PLLAs. Nonisothermal and isothermal crystallization results reveal that h PLLA crystallite is an efficient nucleating agent for PLLA. Also, h PLLA crystallites show much more prominently promoting effect on the crystallization rate of PLLA in comparison with two widely reported NAs for PLLA, talc and stereocomplex crystallites. Most importantly, this promoting effect is still efficient at very high cooling rate, leading to a crystallinity of 39.1% at a cooling rate of 100 ¡ÆC/min, which can help to obtain high-crystallinity PLLA products in conventional manufacturing processes. The optical microscopic observation reveals that the remarkable crystallization promotion can be attributed to the outstanding heterogeneous nucleation effect, as a result of both identical chemical constitution and lattice constitution between h PLLA crystallites and PLLA matrix. Further characterizations indicate that the enhancement of PLLA crystallinity by using such a new efficient NA can enhance the thermomechanical properties and heat distortion resistance of PLLA remarkably. For instance, at 80 ¡ÆC (above T g of PLLA), the elastic modulus increases by 60 times from 8 to 477 MPa with the incorporation of 5 wt % h PLLA. High-melting-point crystallites of poly( l -lactide) show outstanding nucleation enhancement on low-melting-point poly( l -lactide), achieving high crystallinity under a high cooling rate. Graphic Abstract ACS Electronic Supporting Info
- ChemKarta: A Card Game for Teaching Functional Groups in Undergraduate Organic Chemistry
- Knudtson, Christopher A. | Journal of chemical education (v.92 / no.9 / pp.1514-1517 / 20150021-9584)
- Students in undergraduate organic chemistry courses are frequently overwhelmed by the volume and complexity of information they are expected to learn. To aid in students
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Students in undergraduate organic chemistry courses are frequently overwhelmed by the volume and complexity of information they are expected to learn. To aid in students rsquo; learning of organic functional groups, a novel card game ldquo;ChemKarta rdquo; is reported that can serve as a useful alternative to flashcards. This pedagogy is a simple matching game, in which students identify functional groups on molecules. ChemKarta has a large card set to immerse students in course material and to allow teachers to mine the game for class and exam questions. It is easily customized by the addition or removal of cards to adjust content to fit an individual course. Students found the game easy to learn and responded favorably to its use as an educational tool. Graphic Abstract ACS Electronic Supporting Info
- Natural products: Perspectives in the pharmacological treatment of gastrointestinal anisakiasis
- Valero, A., Romero, M.C., Gomez-Mateos, M., Hierro, I., Navarro, M.C. | Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine (v.8 / no.8 / pp.612-617 / 20151995-7645)
- Objective: To evaluate the activity of different natural products against L3 larvae of Anisakis type I. Methods: Information on investigations into the activity of natura
ÃʷϺ¸±â¿ø¹®º¸±â >
Objective: To evaluate the activity of different natural products against L3 larvae of Anisakis type I. Methods: Information on investigations into the activity of natural products against the L3 larvae of Anisakis simplex was collected from scientific journals, books, theses and reports via a library and electronic search (using Pubmed, Scopus, Medline, Web of Science and ScienceDirect). The search terms included: natural products, medicinal plants, essential oils, terpenic derivatives, Anisakis, antinematodal activity. Results: In the literature reviewed numerous papers were found concerning the in vitro and in vivo activity against Anisakis type I of various natural products (plant extracts, essential oils and their major components). Analysis of the results showed that in vitro tests the Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil and the ar-turmerone isolated from Curcuma longa displayed the greatest activity. In vivo, the most active compound was perillaldehyde, the main component of Perilla frutescens essential oil. Conclusions: This study shows that some natural products exhibited promising antianisakis properties.
- Mechanisms before Reactions: A Mechanistic Approach to the Organic Chemistry Curriculum Based on Patterns of Electron Flow
- Flynn, Alison B., Ogilvie, William W. | Journal of chemical education (v.92 / no.5 / pp.803-810 / 20150021-9584)
- A significant redesign of the introductory organic chemistry curriculum at the authors rsquo; institution is described. There are two aspects that differ greatly from a t
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A significant redesign of the introductory organic chemistry curriculum at the authors rsquo; institution is described. There are two aspects that differ greatly from a typical functional group approach. First, organic reaction mechanisms and the electron-pushing formalism are taught before students have learned a single reaction. The conservation of electrons, atoms, and formal charges, how the use of curved arrows helps describe the mechanism, and how to predict reaction mechanisms are emphasized. Second, the reactions taught in the first two semesters of organic chemistry are arranged by their governing mechanism, rather than by functional group. The reactions are taught in order of increasing difficulty, beginning with acid ndash;base reactions, followed by simple additions to pi; electrophiles, and ending the first semester with addition to pi; nucleophiles, including aromatic chemistry. The reactions in the second organic semester begin with elimination reactions, then substitutions, and finally more complex pi; nucleophile mechanisms (e.g., aldol reaction) and pi; electrophile reactions (e.g., acetals). Ultimately, the goal is for students to learn and interpret reactions based on their patterns of reactivity, allowing them to analyze, predict, and explain new reactions. In principle, a mechanistic method is more general, easier to understand, and provides a better way to achieve a deep understanding of chemical reactivity. Chemical reactions follow patterns, and these patterns can allow a chemist to predict how a chemical will behave, even if they have never seen a particular reaction before. Visualizing reactivity as a collection of patterns in electron movement is a more powerful and systematic way to approach learning in organic chemistry. It still requires some memorization, but because the course organization is directly linked to reaction patterns, deeper learning in the discipline is possible. Graphic Abstract