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germany, hamburg cntcomp2009 conference hamburg germany hamburg germany fullerenes chemistry of carbon nanomaterials ursula dettlaff wcu project articles & patents: fullerenes, nanotubes 5 4 3 2 1 0 6 7 8 9 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 publication year of articles & patents # articles & patents per year nanotubes-articles & patents fullerenes-articles & patents
nanotubes-patents only fullerenes-patents only
before discovery of fullerenes
the existence of c60 was predicted by eiji osawa of toyohashi university of techno logy in a japanese magazine[1] in 1970.he noticed that the structure of a corannule ne(c20h10) molecule was a subset of a soccer-ball shape, and he made the hypothe sis that a full ball shape could also exist.
play with the geometrical forms coranulene and its chemical structure http:\\en.wikipedia.org discovery of fullerene
the first fullerene to be discovered, and the familys namesake, was buckminsterfullerene c60, made in 1985 by robert curl, harold kroto and richard smalley.the name was a homage to richard buckminster fuller, whose geodesic domes it resembles.
geodesic dome in walt disney world fullerene, c60 http:\\en.wikipedia.org discovery of fullerenes
by subjecting of graphite to laser radiation at >10 k
evaporation of graphite to get c-c units assembling to form closed sphere, new molecules
fullerene, c60 http:\\en.wikipedia.org the fullerene family: c60 ellipsoidal c70 c76 c78 c80 c84 isolated pentagon rule, 5-ring not attach each other c60 buckyball structure
buckminsterfullerene (iupac name (c60-ih)[5,6]fullerene), icosahedron near-spherical shape,
built of hexagons (6 ring) and pentagons (5 ring) in which no two pentagons share an e dge, all c atoms are equivalent as shown by 13 nmr, only one signal, difficult to determi ne the structure by x-ray
http:\\en.wikipedia.org 22cm football
0.7nm
buckyball separation of 6-and 5-rings c60 cage structure, bonding scheme
each carbon atom is covalently bonded to three other in a trigonal planar arrangement, l arge surface of the sphere means that there is only slight deviation from planarity at each c centre,
two types of c-c bonds: at the 6-rings junction and between 6-and 5-ring (longer) indicates the presence of localized double and single bonds
localized single and double bonds variation of buckyball
after finding c60, scientists also discovered a chain of molecules similar to that of c60.these molecules which are known as fullerenes include c28, c70, c84, and c280.not only c60 but fullerenes with 70, 72, 76, 84 and even up to 100 carbon ato ms are commonly obtained.
http:\\en.wikipedia.org c60 c70 preparation of fullerenes
the amounts of fullerene prepared by laser were extremely small.the method for the large preparation of c60 was discovered in 1990 by kraetchmer.in this method, a water-cooled cylinder contains a sharp graphite rod touching a graphite disk.the cylinder is evacuated to a pressure of 1 ¡¿ xxx-xxx torr, and a current of 100 to 200 a is passed between the rod and the disk.this produces a soot that deposits on the walls of the cylinder.the soot is washed with toluene, producing a red-brown solution.when this solution is evaporated, it leaves a residue with a mass of about 10% of the original soot and containing more than 85% c60.this method can produce about 1 gram of c60 per day.
-buckyball-c60-c70-etc-and-derivatives-and-modifications-thereof/
kreatchmer generator soot containing fullerenes extraction of fullerenes by solvents
the fullerene molecules are soluble in organic solvents such like toluene, hexane
that means they can be extracted from raw soot to the solvent and further proceed.
separation of c60 and c70 stationary solid phase, sand, glass, polymer liquid chromatography mobile liquid phase fullerene synthesis http:\\en.wikipedia.org properties of c60
the c60 molecule is extremely stable, being able to withstand high temperatures and pressures.the exposed surface of the structure is able react with other species while maintaining the spherical geometry.
the hollow structure is also able to entrap other smaller species such as helium, while at the same time not reacting with the fullerene molecule.in fact the interior of most buckyballs is so spacious, they can encase any element from the periodic table.
buckyballs do not bond to one another.they do however, stick together via van der waals forces.
by doping fullerenes, they can be electrically insulating, conducting, semiconducting or even superconducting. (ÀÌÇÏ »ý·«)
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