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perspectives on social change theories of social change functionalism, evolutionism and sociobiology marxism and conflict theory major themes structure and agency society and individual consensus and conflict theories of social change
the problem of explaining social change was central to nineteenth-century sociology.
the preoccupation arose from an awareness of the radical social effects of industrialization on european societies, and an appreciation of the fundamental gap between the european industrial societies and traditional societies in asia and africa.
theories of social change centered on the nature of capitalist and industrial development and the apparent absence of social development in those societies which had become part of the colonial empire of europe.
these theories of social change were concerned with long-term and large-scale or macro development.
evolution or revolution?
sociological theories of change, especially nineteenth century ones, may be divided into theories of social evolution and theories of revolution.
in the first, social change was thought to involve basic stages of development such as ¡®military society¡¯ and ¡®industrial society¡¯ (spencer), by which society progressed from simple, rural, agrarian forms to more complex, differentiated, industrial, urban ones.
this type of evolutionary theory was developed by auguste comte, herbert spencer and emile durkheim.
the analysis of social change in functionalism continues to depend, to some extent, on evolutionary theory by the process of mental differentiation and increasing structural complexity.
revolutionary social change
theories of revolutionary social change, particularly deriving from karl marx, emphasized the importance of class conflict, political struggle and imperialism as the principal mechanisms of functional structural changes.
for marx, a revolution involved the replacement of one mode of production by another, as in the transition from feudalism and capitalism.
the apparent survival of european capitalism, despite political conflicts, industrial strikes and economic decline, represents a major problems form marxist theories of revolution.
the absence of revolutions is typically explained in terms of the countervailing role of welfare, citizenship rights and ideology.
evolutionism and sociobiology
herbert spencer¡¯s evolutionary view (survival of the fittest) of change has it modern descendant in sociobiology.
edward o.wilson has presented a view of society that stress adaptation, but locates the process far more deeply in our genetic inheritance.
functionalist theories
the notion of social change as a special and distinct area of sociological study is largely a legacy of functionalism.
in developing a theoretical approach centering on the analysis of self-maintaining social systems, functionalists contrived to make processes of change seems peripheral to the sociological research, and something of this attitude still lingers on in american sociology.
the criticism of functionalism
in the late 1960s functionalism came under sustained attack from various sources.
it was argued that this approach could not account for social change, or for structural contradictions and conflict in societies.
its reliance on stability and on the organic analogy made it ideologically conservative.
marxism and conflict theory
marxist theory of change is more proactive, focusing on the ability of human beings to influence their own fates through political action.
most marxists put more emphasis on class divisions, conflict, power and ideology than many functionalist sociologists.
conflict theories (ÀÌÇÏ »ý·«)
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