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ÀÏ¹Ý ¿µ¸®±â¾÷°ú ´Þ¸® ½ÃÇ迬±¸¿ø µî ºñ¿µ¸®Á¶Á÷¿¡¼­ ³»ºÎ¿ø°¡ ¹× °ü¸®È¸°èÀÇ °³³äÀÌ ÃæºÐÈ÷ ÀνĵǾîÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. º»°í¿¡¼­´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ³ë·ÂÀÇ ÀÏȯÀ¸·Î ±â¾÷ÀÇ °æ¿µÀÇ»ç°áÁ¤ ¹× ¼º°úÆò°¡¿¡ °¡Àå ÁßÈ¿ÇÑ µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ¿ø°¡Á¤º¸¸¦ Àû½Ã¿¡ È¿À²ÀûÀ¸·Î »êÃâÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ½ÃÇ迬±¸¿øÀÇ ¿ø°¡°è»êÁ¦µµ¸¦ ºÐ¼®ÇÏ°í, ¹®Á¦Á¡À» °³¼±ÇÏ°íÀÚ ÀÛ¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¿ø°¡»êÁ¤¹æ¹ýÀÇ ÇϳªÀÎ È°µ¿±âÁØ¿ø°¡°è»ê(Activity-Based Costing)À¸·Î Àΰú°ü°è¸¦ ¹Ý¿µÇÑ ¿ø°¡°è»êÀÇ ±¸ÃàÇÏ°í, ±¸Ã¼Àû ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¸¦ ºÐ¼®À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ºñºÎ°¡°¡Ä¡ È°µ¿À» Á¦°ÅÇÑ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ ³»ºÎ°ü¸®½Ã½ºÅÛ ¸ðÇüÀ» µµÃâÇÔÀ» ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÑ´Ù.

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The purpose of this study is as follows. In other words. In order to seek the advancement of agricultural industry of Korea through enhancement of efficiency by utilizing agricultural accounting in agricultural management Current status of agriculture in Korea. Difficulty due to changes in the consumption patterns of agricultural products and opening up of agricultural product market. Reduction in consumption of vegetables by children due to changes in consumption pattern. Increase in single£­person households. Trend of preferring ready£­made food and processed food due to difficulties in cooking by elderlies. Difficulty in agricultural management due to opening up of agricultural product market. The results of the study are as follows. Farm managers were aware of the need of agricultural accounting.That is, introduction of agricultural accounting was found to be helpful in improving the management of farms. These results signify that greater the awareness of the need of agricultural accounting, greater the extent of its assistance in improving agricultural management. Therefore, it was analyzed that introduction of agricultural accounting is necessary to increase the efficiency of farm management and, moreover, education on and proliferation of agricultural accounting is necessary. Correlation analysis was executed to examine the relationship between the characteristic factors of agricultural accounting and assistance in improving farm management by agricultural accounting. Therefore, there is a need to seek the means of enabling the interested parties to more easily understand the contents of the agricultural accounting education. Furthermore, it is deemed necessary to entice the agricultural business managers to accurately assess the assets and profits of farms through promoting of the proliferation of agricultural accounting by having them realize the importance of utilization of agricultural accounting.

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China began to adopt the IFRS as Korean International Financial Reporting Standards(K-IFRS) is established in Korea. In this study, we attempt to provide useful guide lines which help in understanding accounting strategy that adopt international accounting system by investigating the cultural characteristics introduced by Hofstede's scale.This study compares the historical development stages of accounting principles in Korea and China. It is especially suggested that accounting system is influenced by the legal and economic environment as well as cultural differences.

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This study aims to analyze the conflict of establishing the administrative rule of finance and account for private kindergarten in Korea and to suggest the resolutions for this public conflict between the ministry of education and National Association of Private Kindergarten. For this, this study reviews the theories on public conflict and its types and handling modes and resolutions by the types to build up the analytic framework with the literature review on the diverse public conflict suggesting the resolutions on each conflict.After applying the public conflict of the administrative rule of finance and account for private kindergarten into a research¡¯s analytic framework, this study finds out the results in characteristics issues, and feasible resolutions for the conflict. First, the conflict is private-public conflict according to its subjects, but since the private subject, private kindergarten, implies publicness so then it differs from other conflicts in this type. Second, this conflict is about educational policy change therefore categorized as educational conflict; but the main issues are about the regulation policy on one¡¯s private property and its management. Third, there are five controversial issues on the range and awareness of authority and distinctness of private kindergarten in the administrative rule. Fifth, as the last, the possible resolution for this conflict management is to enhance the ¡®cooperation¡¯ of two conflict subject and control the ¡®concern¡¯ of each subject to move on from the current ¡®competing¡¯ towards¡®compromising¡¯or ¡®collaboration'.

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This study intends to investigate the effects of strategic management accounting(SMA) technique on the business performance by situational factors.Following are the results from analysis. First, the analysis shows more noticeable effects on the participation in a decision making role by an accounting manager and the degree of SMA usage with higher environmental uncertainties. Second, the analysis shows noticeable effects on the participation in a decision making role by an accounting manager and the degree of SMA usage and the business performance by competition strategy. Third, the analysis shows that the organizational structure only has noticeable effects on the participation in a decision making role by an accounting manager. Fourth, the decision making role of an accounting manager has noticeable effects on the degree of SMA usages. Fifth, the decision making role of an accounting manager has noticeable effects on the business performance. Sixth, the degree of SMA usage has noticeable effects on the business performance. Seventh, SMA improved the business performance by acting as an intermediary on the decision making role of an accounting manager.

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& & ¼¼°èÈ­¼Ó¿¡ °¢±¹ °æÁ¦´Â ±Þ¼ÓÇÏ°Ô ¹ßÀüÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±¹Á¦±â¾÷Àº ´Ù¼ö±¹¿¡ ºÐÆ÷µÈ ¿©·¯ ÀÌÇØ°ü°èÀڵ鿡°Ô ¾î¶² °øÅëµÈ Àǹ̸¦ ºÎ¿©Çϸ鼭 µ¿½Ã¿¡ À¯¿ëÇÑ È¸°èÁ¤º¸¸¦ Á¦°øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´ÜÀÏü°èÀÇ À繫º¸°í¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÏ¿© ³ª°¡Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¾È µÇ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.& & ±¹Á¦±â¾÷ÀÇ ÃâÇöÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÇüÅ·μ­ ´Ù¼ö±¹¿¡ °ü°èµÇ¾î Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ Á¾·¡ ±¹°¡¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â Å׵θ® ³»¿¡¼­ ¼ºÀåÇÏ¿©¿Â ȸ°è»ç°í³ª ȸ°èÀýÂ÷ÀÇ ´Ü¼øÇÑ È®´ë¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÇØ°áµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â »õ·Î¿î ȸ°èÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ Á÷¸éÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.& & Áß±¹Àº ÀÚüÀÇ ±¹°¡»óȲ¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇϵµ·Ï ÀûÀÀÇϸ鼭 ±¹Á¦È¸°è±âÁØÀ» ¼ö·ÅÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© 2006³â¿¡ ½Å(ãæ)ȸ°è±âÁØÀ» Á¦Á¤⋅°øÆ÷ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·±µ¥, Áß±¹ °íÀ¯ÀÇ È¸°èȯ°æ¿¡ µû¶ó ±¹Á¦È¸°è±âÁØÀ» Àü¸éÀûÀ¸·Î äÅÃÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡ Áß±¹È¸°è±âÁØ°ú ±¹Á¦È¸°è±âÁØÀÇ Â÷ÀÌÁ¡ÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù.& & º» ¿¬±¸´Â Áß±¹È¸°è±âÁØ°ú ±¹Á¦È¸°è±âÁØÀÇ º¯Ãµ°úÁ¤°ú Áß±¹ 2006³â¿¡ ½Å(ãæ)ȸ°è±âÁØ ¹× ±¹Á¦È¸°èÀÇ ³»¿ë¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ µÎ±âÁØÀÇ Â÷ÀÌÁ¡À» »ìÆ캸°í ±×ÀÇ Â÷À̸¦ ÃÊ·¡ÇÑ ¿øÀÎÀ» Ž±¸ÇÔÀ» ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÛ¼ºÇÏ¿´´Ù.& & ºñ±³⋅ºÐ¼®ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© »ìÆ캼 ¶§ °á·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ÕÀ¸·Î Áß±¹°ú ¼¼°è °¢±¹ÀÇ È¸°èÁ¦µµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ÉÃþÀûÀÌ°í ´Ù°¢ÀûÀÎ ºñ±³ ºÐ¼®ÀÇ °á°ú°¡ ¼¼°è¿¡ ÁøÃâÇϰųª ÁøÃâ ¿¹Á¤ÀÎ Áß±¹±â¾÷ÀÇ °æÀï·Â Çâ»ó¿¡ Å©°Ô ±â¿©ÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆǴܵǸç, ¶ÇÇÑ Á÷°£Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¼¼°è½ÃÀå¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅõÀÚ¿¡ À־ Á¤È®ÇÏ°í ¿¹Ãø °¡´ÉÇÑ À繫Á¤º¸ÀÇ ÃëµæÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ¸ç ±×·¯ÇÑ À繫Á¤º¸ÀÇ Á¤È®ÇÑ ÀÌ¿ëÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÅõÀÚÀ§ÇèÀ» ¾î´À Á¤µµ °¨¼Ò½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î ±â´ëµÈ´Ù.

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AIA is a new accounting method. It is not simply another new method, but a revolutionary method: it is intended to take accounting from the hands of professional accountants to the hands of ordinary men and women; and it is designed to produce comprehensive business reports directly out of activity data and on a real time basis.AIA is verified by the successful adoption of the borough of Gangnam, Seoul, and the city of Bucheon, Gyunggi Province in the name of LADI (Local Government Accounting by Double-entry Bookkeeping Information System) through the year 2001's research project and the year 2003's application project.This study reviews the applying procedure of AIA prepared in the above two projects and shows the requisite for the successful introduction of the double-entry bookkeeping system in the governmental sector.

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º» ¿¬±¸´Â ÀüÈÄÀÇ ±â¾÷ȸ°è¸¦ ±ÔÁ¦ÇÏ´Â Á¦µµ¸¦ Á¤Ä¡ ȯ°æ, ¹ý·ü ȯ°æ, °æÁ¦ ȯ°æÀ¸·Î ³ª´©¾î, ±× °ü·ÃÀ» ³íÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­, ¿ì¸® ³ª¶óÀÇ ±â¾÷ȸ°è¸¦ ±ÔÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ÁÖµÈ Á¦µµ¸¦ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¼Ò°³ÇØ º»´Ù. 1) 1950³â´ë¿¡¼­ 1970³â´ë Àü¹Ý±îÁö, ȸ°èÁöħÀ¸·Î Àû¿ëµÈ, ±â¾÷ÀÌ À繫Á¦Ç¥¸¦ ÀÛ¼ºÇÔ¿¡ À־ ÁؼöÇØ¾ß ÇÒ '±â¾÷ȸ°è¿øÄ¢'°ú ±× ÀÛ¼º¿ä·ÉÀÎ 'À繫Á¦Ç¥±ÔÄ¢' 2) 1970³â´ë¿¡ Á¦Á¤ Àû¿ëÇÑ, Áõ±Ç°Å·¡¹ý¿¡ ±âÀÎÇÏ¿© À繫Á¦Ç¥¸¦ ÀÛ¼ºÇÔ¿¡ ÁؼöÇØ¾ß ÇÒ '»óÀå¹ýÀεîÀÇ È¸°è󸮿¡ °üÇÑ ±ÔÁ¤'(ÀÌÇÏ, '»óÀå¹ýÀΠȸ°è󸮱ÔÁ¤'À̶ó°í ÇÔ)°ú ±× ÀÛ¼º¿ä·ÉÀÎ '»óÀå¹ýÀεîÀÇ À繫Á¦Ç¥¿¡ °üÇÑ ±ÔÄ¢'(ÀÌÇÏ, '»óÀå¹ýÀÎ À繫Á¦Ç¥±ÔÄ¢'À̶ó°í ÇÔ) 3) 1981³âºÎÅÍ Àû¿ë µÇ°í ÀÖ´Â, Áõ±Ç°Å·¡¹ýÀÇ Æ¯º°¹ýÀÎ 'ÁÖ½Äȸ»çÀÇ ¿ÜºÎ°¨»ç¿¡ °üÇÑ ¹ý·ü'ÇÏ¿¡¼­ »ó±âÀÇ ³× ±ÔÁ¤ÀÌ ÅëÇÕµÈ '±â¾÷ȸ°è±âÁØ' 4) 1984³â±îÁö Àû¿ëµÈ »ó¹ýÀÇ '°è»ê¼­·ù±ÔÁ¤' ±×¸®°í, Á¤Ä¡ ȯ°æ, ¹ý·ü ȯ°æ, °æÁ¦ ȯ°æÀ̶õ ¿äÀÎÀ» ºÐ¼®ÇÑ °á°ú, »ó±âÀÇ ±âÁØÀ» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ½Ã´ë±¸ºÐÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 1)µµÀÔ±â:1945³â¡­1964³â 2)Á¤ºñ±â:1964³â¡­1981³â 3)¼ºÀåÁöÇâ±â:1981³â¡­ÇöÀç ¿ì¼±, Á¦1ÀåÀº ¼­ÀåÀ¸·Î½á, º» ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ¹®Á¦ ÀǽÄ, ¿¬±¸ ¹æ¹ý, ¿ì¸® ³ª¶ó ÇÐÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ È¸°è»ç ¿¬±¸ÀÇ °íÂû, ȸ°èȯ°æµî¿¡ °üÇؼ­ ¼­¼úÇÏ¿´´Ù. Á¦2Àå µµÀÔ±â´Â Á¤Ä¡Àû ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °æÁ¦ ȯ°æÀÇ ¹Ìºñ ¼Ó¿¡¼­, ¹ý·ü ȯ°æ¸¶Àú ÀÏÁ¦½Ã´ëÀÇ ¹ýÀÌ ±×´ë·Î Àû¿ëµÇ¾î ȸ°èÁ¦µµÀÇ Á¤ºñ´Â »ó´çÈ÷ °ï¶õÇÑ »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, ¼±Áø±¹ÀÇ È¸°èÁ¦µµ¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÒ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø¾î ÁÖ·Î ¸ð¹æÇϱ⠽¬¿î ÀϺ»ÀÇ È¸°è¿øÄ¢À» ¼ö¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ÀÌ ½Ã´ëÀÇ È¸°è¿øÄ¢Àº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÎÁ¤µÈ °ÍÀ̶ó±â º¸´Ù´Â ÁöµµÁöħÀû ¼º°ÝÀÌ °­ÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Á¦3Àå Á¤ºñ±â´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ È¸°èÀÌ·Ð, ±âÁØ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ°í ¶ÇÇÑ ¹Ý¿µµÈ ½Ã±âÀÌ´Ù. µµÀÔ±â ÈĹÝ(1962³â ÀÌÈÄ)¿¡ À־´Â »ó¹ý°ú Áõ±Ç°Å·¡¹ýµî °ü·Ã ¹ý±Ô°¡ Á¤ºñµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±â´Â ¹Ú´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ °­·ÂÇÑ Á¤Ã¥¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ °æÁ¦ ±â¹Ý °­È­¿¡ Àü·ÂÅõ±¸¸¦ ÇÑ ½Ã±âÀÌ´Ù. 1970³â´ë¿¡´Â ÁßÁø±¹À¸·Î ¹ßµ¸À½ÇÏ¿©, ¿øÁ¶¿Í Â÷°ü¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÀÚ±ÝÁ¶´ÞÀÌ ¾î·Á¿öÁö´Â ÇÑÆí, »óÀå¹ýÀο¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ±â¾÷ÀÇ ÀçÁ¤ »óÅ Á¤ºñ¿Í °ø½ÃÁ¦µµ¸¦ ¸íÈ®È÷ ÇÏ´Â µî, Áõ±Ç½ÃÀåÀÇ Á¤ºñ°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ¿© »óÀå¹ýÀο¡°Ô Àû¿ëÇÏ´Â '»óÀå¹ýÀΠȸ°è󸮱ÔÁ¤'À» Á¦Á¤ÇØ, ±â¾÷ȸ°è±âÁØÀÌ ÀÌ¿øÈ­µÈ ½Ã±âÀÌ´Ù. Á¦4Àå ¼ºÀåÁöÇâ±â¿¡¼­´Â °¢Á¾ ¹ý·ü ȯ°æÀÌ Á¤ºñµÊ°ú ´õºÒ¾î ±â¾÷ȸ°è±âÁØÀÌ ÀÏ¿øÈ­µÈ ½Ã±âÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¼ºÀåÁöÇâ±â´Â ±¹Á¦È¸°è¿¡ Á¢±ÙÀÌ ´«¿¡ ¶ç´Â ½Ã±âÀ̱⵵ ÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅ͵µ °æÁ¦±Ô¸ðÀÇ È®´ë¿Í OECD°¡ÀÔÀ̶ó´Â Á¤Ã¥ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¿³ º¼ ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ, ÀÌ ½Ã±â´Â »ó¹ýÀÇ '°è»ê¼­·ù±ÔÁ¤'ÀÌ »èÁ¦µÇ¾î, ȸ°è±âÁØÀÌ »ó¹ý, Áõ±Ç°Å·¡¹ý, ¹ýÀμ¼¹ýÀ» Ä«¹öÇÏ¿© ¸í½Ç°øÈ÷ ÀÏ¿øÈ­µÇ¾ú´Ù°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ú´Ù. À̸®ÇÏ¿©, ¼±Áø±¹ ȸ°è±âÁØÀÇ ·¹º§¿¡ Á¢±ÙÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, ¹ý·üÀÇ ÇϳªÀÎ '±â¾÷ȸ°è±âÁØ'Àº ¹ýÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤¼º°úŸ´ç¼ºÀ̶ó´Â ¹Ù¶õ½º¸¦ ÃëÇÏÁö ¸ø ÇØ, ¼ö Â÷·Ê °³Á¤ÀÌ ½Ç½ÃµÇ¾î ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ÇÑ Á¡À» °®°í ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Á¦5ÀåÀº ¿ä¾à°ú Àü¸ÁÀ¸·Î½á, Á¤Ä¡, ¹ý·ü, °æÁ¦ ¿äÀΰú ȸ°è±âÁØ °³Á¤°úÀÇ Àΰú°ü°è¸¦ ºÐ¼®ÇÑ °á°úÀÇ ¿ä¾à°ú, ÇöÀçÀÇ °úÁ¦¿Í ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹æÇ⼺ ¹× Àü¸ÁÀ» Á¦ÀÇÇß´Ù. ÀÌ»ó°ú °°ÀÌ 3±âÀÇ ½Ã´ë±¸ºÐÀ» ±âº»À¸·Î ÇÏ¿© 5ÀåÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, °¢±âÀÇ È¯°æ¿äÀÎ ¹× Ư¼º°úÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ À½¹ÌÇØ º¸¾Ò´Ù.The bacteriophage ¥ëO protein localizes the initiation of replication to a unique sequence, ori ¥ë through specific protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions. Conformational changes at ori ¥ë introduced by O protein binding have been reported and their roles have been implicated in the initiation of ¥ë DNA replication. In our studies, we focused on detailed structural basis of the formation of the O protein-ori ¥ë complex(O-some). This work was divided into five Chapters including a general introduction given in Chapter 1, a brief review of genetic, biochemical, and structural data for understanding the mechanism of the initiation of ¥ë DNA replication. As shown in Chapter 2, we found that the O protein exists as a dimer and demonstrated that the active DNA binding species is also a dimer. Dimerization and sequence-specific DNA recognition are specifically mediated through the amino-terminal half of O(O1-162(¾Æ·¡Ã·ÀÚ 1-162ÀԷºҰ¡)). The binding affinity of O for a single copy of its 19 bp recognition sequence was 2-3 nM. We also found that the O-some is composed of 4 dimers of O and ori ¥ë DNA, which contains four 19 bp direct repeat recognition sites, i, e., a dimer of O is bound to each repeat(iteron). Moreover, we found that only the amino-terminal DNA binding domain is required for formation of the O-some. To investigate the structural basis for the unique properties of O protein, we generated a number of carboxy-terminal and internal and internal deletion mutants of O. Experiments with purified mutant proteins, as shown in Chapter 3, indicated that (¥¡) the deletion mutant retaining amino acid residues 19-110 is the smallest O protein species that can both bind to DNA and form a dimer, (¥¢) the affinities of all mutant proteins for a single iteron are almost the same, ranging from 2 to 4 nM; (¥£) the portion of O that is responsible for dimerization is located between amino acid residues 19 and 85; (¥¤) the carboxy-terminal domain (O 156-299(¾Æ·¡Ã·ÀÚ 156-299ÀԷºҰ¡)) is a monomeric species that does not recognize specific DNA sequences but instead, bind non-specifically to duplex DNA; (¥¥) the linker joining the two structural domains is not required for O function, but its coding sequence of DNA contains several recognition sites for O protein (ori ¥ë); and (¥¦) a deletion! m! utant missing the amino-terminal portion of the carboxyl-terminal domain is still comparably active in the in vitro ¥ëdv replication assay. In Chapter 4, the structural basis of the O protein-DNA complex was studied in detail. Hydroxy radical footprinting was employed to obtain the high resolution structural information about the contacts between the protein and the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA. The missing nucleoside experiment allowed us to identify energetically important base moieties that may be in contact with bound O protein. Quantitation of the extent of O-mediated DNA bending indicated that O induces a relatively sharp bend in an individual recognition sequence of 85¡£ ¡¾5¡£ . Measurement of the O-induced topological change indicated that a region of DNA or specifically ori ¥ëis wrapped around the O protein core in a left-handed fashion with a linking number change of 0.7¡¾0.1 turn. In Chapter 5, we present direct evidence that the O protein also has the capacity to interact with single-stranded DNA, the first such interaction discovered among prokaryotic origin-binding proteins. The implication of this dual DNA binding specificity of O for the formation of the unwound structure at the A/T-rich region of ori ¥ë is dis cussed. The addition of the ¥ëP-DnaB comple x to the O-some produces a new nucleoprotein species with a super-shift in migration. The presence of P and DnaB reduces significantly the amount of O required for binding to single-stranded DNA. Based on these results, we propose a detailed model for sequential structural changes in ori ¥ë as a consequence of O binding to the origin of ¥ëreplication.

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This study summarized features of agricultural accounting standard in agricultural bookkeeping, and examined Generally Accepted Korean Accounting Principles, Korean Accounting Standard, and International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS).It is true that necessary conditions for agricultural accounting standards are clarity, consistency, and uniformity of accounting. However, what is regarded the most important in agricultural accounting is standardization of accounting standards. It is because the standardization process must reflect nonseparation of machines and management caused by meager management size, mismatch between managerial objectives and realistic management objectives, and traditional managerial conventions peculiar to agriculture.Based on this study, directions for improvement of accounting standards regarding agricultural accounting are proposed as follows: First, specific and detailed accounting processing needs to be introduced because International Financial Reporting Standard and Korean Accounting Standard provide only a general framework for accounting processing. Second, a title of account needs to be developed regarding agricultural production activities. Third, regarding agricultural analysis, agricultural accounting standards for small and medium sized businesses need to be developed which can be easily adopted and used by meager agricultural management bodies. Fourth, regarding accounting practices which are not covered by International Financial Reporting Standard and Korean Accounting Standard, a number of sample cases need to be developed which can be immediately applied to agricultural management bodies. Finally, considering limited application of agricultural accounting programs, and mismatch between agricultural programs and Korean Accounting Standard, it is urgently needed that easy and detailed standards are to be set for agricultural accounting.

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Internal control system requires companies to spend large amount of money and time. Important issue is to confirm if external auditing is performing efficiently. If efficiency of internal auditing is suspicious, legislation which extending small and medium business size should be reviewed and revised.In this research, effectiveness of internal control system has reviewed with observing improvements of accounting information a year before and after to internal control system adoption. Also, extended research has covered to internal control system by external auditor to its trust level.As the result shows, it is estimated increase trust level of accounting information due to reduction of discretionary accruals. It suggests the effectiveness of adopting internal control system. Also, we estimated that the opinion of internal control system is not related with reliability of accounting information. But the higher firms earning management of CEOs are, the higher qualified opinions of auditing opinion on the internal control system are reported. The result of this research is expected to find judgmental factors if investigating opinion of internal control system have information usability and effectiveness of adopting internal control system. In Korea, reviewing internal control system has obligated since late 2005, there are lack of thoughtful research in this area. Anticipated to motivate more researches with the result of this research.

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The purpose of this treatise is to analyze the rate of allowance for bad debts in accordance with preparations for the accrual accounting system in Korea. Currently, the accrual accounting system is on a trial project period, applied the accounting standards and information system to two target local governments. This paper covers general perspectives of the financial reporting system, mainly focusing on the subjects regarding the formation of the annual financial report, which are essential factors to design the accounting model in introducing new accrual basis system in local governments.To reach this purpose the treatise had analyzed the rate of bad debts to use allowance method for recording uncollectable accounts concerning uncollected tax and an outstanding amount of local governments. The process for study researched the difference between the amount of deficit disposal and all outstanding amount that a empirical criterion turned out when set up bad debts account and how to differ form the each sections of local governments. As a consequence it is proper to set composite rate by percentage-of-receivables method in relation to allowance method for recording uncollectible accounts in actual conditions of local governments and to estimate criterion for the rate of bad debts account to the amount of deficit disposal of the fiscal year-end.

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