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Since the 1950s, ¡®stow-away¡¯ by Koreans had begun to be recognized as a migration phenomenon that could infiltrate communism into Japanese society. This study examined how Koreans' ¡®stow-away¡¯ had intersected with the Cold War focusing on the petitions for the release of Korean ¡®stowaways.¡¯ As a result of the analysis, it was found that for the release of the ¡®stowaways,¡¯ officials from an anti-communist ethnic organization(Mindan) played roles as the petitioners, in addition to family and relatives.And they ¡®proved¡¯ that the ¡®stowaways¡¯ were not persons with a dangerous ¡®thought.¡¯ However, this ¡®prove¡¯ was not always valid, and it went through the process of ¡®interpretation¡¯ by GHQ/SCAP based on police investigations, etc. The personal history of the ¡®stowaways¡¯ and the petitioners was ¡®interpreted¡¯ in terms of relevance to communism, which was not without its arbitrary aspects, but ultimately had a great influence on whether or not the ¡®stowaways¡¯ were released.

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Áö³­ 5¿ù 31ÀϺηΠ40¿©³â°£ ½ÃÇàÇØ¿À´ø 'Àμâ±âÁØ¿ä±Ý'Á¦µµ°¡ Àü°Ý ÆóÁöµÈµ¥ À̾î Àϼ± Àμâ¾÷üÀÇ È¥¶õ°ú Àϼ± °è¾à¾÷¹« ÇöÀå¿¡¼­µµ Å« È¥¼±ÀÌ ºú¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â Á¶´ÞûÀÌ Áö³­ 5¿ù 31ÀϺηΠ½ÃÀå°æÁ¦¿øÄ¢¿¡ µû¶ó Àμ⹰ Á¦ÀÛ¾÷ü °£ÀÇ °øÁ¤ÇÑ ½ÃÀå°æÀïÀ» ³ôÀÌ°í Àμ⹰ ±¸¸Å°¡°ÝÀÇ ÀûÁ¤¼ºÀ» Á¦°íÇϱâ À§ÇØ 'Àμâ±âÁØ¿ä±Ý'ÀÇ Ã¥Á¤À» ÆóÁöÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ¾ÕÀ¸·Î 'Àμ⹰ ±âÃʱݾ×' Ã¥Á¤À» ÅëÇØ ÆóÁöµÈ 'Àμâ±âÁØ¿ä±Ý'À» ´ë½ÅÇÏ°Ô ÇÒ ¹æħÀ̶ó°í ¹àÈùµ¥ µû¸¥ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

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In the late Joseon period, not only children of the nobility but children of the middle class or commoners went to village school and library and learned letters and read Confucian scripts. Unlike children of the nobility who became officials through state examination, however, they finished studying basic Confucian scripts at village school and library and became government employees such as local officials and chiefs of town. So when they studied at village school and library, they tried to learn how to write petition and while doing so, they used collection of forms or books of examples which were collections of petition forms. While reading such petitions, they had to be able to distinguish what was exaggerated and what was false in order to handle their work well later. Generally, ways of reading petition included (1) understanding the whole context, (2) understanding litigation strategies, (3) distinguishing truth or false of the contents of the document, (4) reading the petitions of plaintiff and defendant together. On the other hand, strategies to write petition under false accusation were (1) suggesting advantageous grounds or developing different logic, (2) emphasizing helpful behaviors and reducing unlawful behaviors, (3) suggesting opposite fact or pointing out logical loophole, (4) strategy of pretending to be the weaker,¡¡(5) revealing the corruption of the other person or relevant person. Reading and writing strategies of petition were like spear and shield so they were even contradictory to each other but children who were not from noble families in the late Joseon period focused on learning them.

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When the East-Berlin Case began in 1967, Many people especially West-Germans sent many petitions to Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the presidents of West Germany and South Korea. Most of petition senders were relatives or colleagues of the suspects of the case. And many intellectuals in West Germany also sent petitions.South Korean government approached to the case in the perspective of anti-communism. West German government concentrated to the ¡®truth¡¯ of the case, but they tried to solve the problem only in the diplomatic relations to South Korea. But petition senders paid attention to the ¡®people¡¯. In other words they thought that the suspects were accused as the spies of North Korea although they were not. And petition senders saw how suspects¡¯ families were suffering because of the case. They were free from ¡®the diplomatic relations¡¯ than their government, so they could insist more radically than their government.Petition senders had less informations than their government, so there were some invalid inferences and wrong informations in the petitions. Appeal concentrating to the ¡®people¡¯ was the best way they can, because they had no legal capacity to do something for the suspects. And in many times West Germany government were aware of the West German public while progressing negotiations with South Korean government. So the petitions became the basis of the solution of the case.

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Since the 1950s, ¡®stow-away¡¯ by Koreans had begun to be recognized as a migration phenomenon that could infiltrate communism into Japanese society. This study examined how Koreans' ¡®stow-away¡¯ had intersected with the Cold War focusing on the petitions for the release of Korean ¡®stowaways.¡¯ As a result of the analysis, it was found that for the release of the ¡®stowaways,¡¯ officials from an anti-communist ethnic organization(Mindan) played roles as the petitioners, in addition to family and relatives.And they ¡®proved¡¯ that the ¡®stowaways¡¯ were not persons with a dangerous ¡®thought.¡¯ However, this ¡®prove¡¯ was not always valid, and it went through the process of ¡®interpretation¡¯ by GHQ/SCAP based on police investigations, etc. The personal history of the ¡®stowaways¡¯ and the petitioners was ¡®interpreted¡¯ in terms of relevance to communism, which was not without its arbitrary aspects, but ultimately had a great influence on whether or not the ¡®stowaways¡¯ were released.

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New trend had been appeared since late eighteenth century when was estimated to educate to write petition in the village schools. That was writing petition with a variety of rhetoric reflecting the education of Chinese had been expanded to the classes beside noblemen and the perception of right or possession had been settled up to the countryside communities. To prove these, two aspects are reviewed on multiple textbooks and real petitions. First thing is to understand what vocabularies and words were used and what rhetoric techniques were applied to express the position or feeling of the persons to claim petition. Since it is focused mainly on the expression, it is called as ¡®rhetoric as the expression¡¯ in this article. The next thing is to investigate how overall writing was organized logically so as to clearly deliver the intention and the purpose of petition. It is called as ¡®rhetoric technique as the strategy of lawsuit¡¯ in terms of strategic writing organization so as to deliver the intention of the person who claimed the petition sufficiently. In addition, it was called as Oejibu that was the person to write the petition to assist the plaintiff or the defendant using rhetoric, or on behalf of them. The evidences of their involvements will be reviewed in the real petitions. Then, it will be reviewed how they learned rhetoric in the village schools.

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The present study was conducted to examine the effect of non-legal factors such as the psychological characteristics of the jury and the factors of the defendant on the jury¡¯s legal judgment. This study examined whether the defendant¡¯s emotional appeal and the petition for leniency of a third party could moderated the association between jury¡¯s psychological characteristics and sentencing judgment. For this study, data of a total of 351 participants(173 females, 178 males) between the ages of 20 to 69 who are likely to be selected by jury for the korean jury trial were analyzed. The research results are as follows. First, it was found that jurors with higher ambivalent sexism and rape myths imposed not guilty on the accused. Second, there were possibilities that the third party¡¯s petition may have an effect on reducing the defendant¡¯s sentence. On the other hand, there was no difference in sentencing depending on the defendant¡¯s emotional appeal to the jury. Third, the petition of a third party had a significant moderating effect in the relationship between juror.Through this study, it was confirmed that the psychological characteristics and defendant factors of the jury outside the law affect the jury¡¯s legal judgment. The significance of this study is that the media¡¯s public opinion-driven argument that appealing for sympathy in the korean jury trial if advantageous for sentencing has been empirically verified. Also, as a criterion for determining the sentence of a sexual crime case, it was suggested that the petition of a third party could be more persuasive than the defendant¡¯s own defense. Based on these results, the suggestions for future research and limitations were discussed.

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The present study was conducted to examine the effect of non-legal factors such as the psychological characteristics of the jury and the factors of the defendant on the jury¡¯s legal judgment. This study examined whether the defendant¡¯s emotional appeal and the petition for leniency of a third party could moderated the association between jury¡¯s psychological characteristics and sentencing judgment. For this study, data of a total of 351 participants(173 females, 178 males) between the ages of 20 to 69 who are likely to be selected by jury for the korean jury trial were analyzed. The research results are as follows. First, it was found that jurors with higher ambivalent sexism and rape myths imposed not guilty on the accused. Second, there were possibilities that the third party¡¯s petition may have an effect on reducing the defendant¡¯s sentence. On the other hand, there was no difference in sentencing depending on the defendant¡¯s emotional appeal to the jury. Third, the petition of a third party had a significant moderating effect in the relationship between juror.Through this study, it was confirmed that the psychological characteristics and defendant factors of the jury outside the law affect the jury¡¯s legal judgment. The significance of this study is that the media¡¯s public opinion-driven argument that appealing for sympathy in the korean jury trial if advantageous for sentencing has been empirically verified. Also, as a criterion for determining the sentence of a sexual crime case, it was suggested that the petition of a third party could be more persuasive than the defendant¡¯s own defense. Based on these results, the suggestions for future research and limitations were discussed.

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In the late Joseon period, pupils from non-yangban family also went to either seodang or saejae to learn classical Chinese and study basic Confucian scriptures. Because it was impossible for them to become national administrators by passing the national civil service examination, non-yangban pupils studied in preparation for working as low-ranking officials at local government offices or older students in local educational institution without problems in the future. Thus, they devoted themselves to learn practical texts such as petitions rather than the scriptures of Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism. It was manuscript of ¡®Collections of Practical Texts¡¯ that those pupils read as learning materials. Published in various forms to meet readers¡¯ social status and/or their need, the collections consisted of all sorts of documents, forms of letters, and novels in general according to some existing Collections. Pupils learned and practiced forms of various documents, letters, and novels through their teacher at seodang. Petitions included in the Collections are useful sources to research the society of the time, for they reflect diverse aspects of life and social conflicts of the time. At the same time, the petitions are considered to be significant materials through which what non-yangban pupils studied would be examined in detail.

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This study examined the influence of the social economy as the paradigm of civic participation, in relation to the political sphere. The impact of social and political engagement and factors of general and institutional trust on engagement in social economic activities were reviewed, and how these relationships change depending on urban and rural areas.The results show that the types of civic engagement can increase the likelihood of social economic engagement, equally in both urban and rural areas. However, the impact of institutional trust on social economic engagement showed conflicting results depending on the regional conditions in urban and rural areas. In other words, in cities, the higher the level of institutional trust, the more negative the social economy engagement, while in rural areas, institutional trust had a positive effect on social economy engagement.

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This paper reconstructed Kang Yong-hwan¡¯s changgeuk activities by cross-checking Kang Yong-hwan¡¯s family records and records found in The History of Changgeuk. Born in Muan, Jeollanam-do, in 1865, Kang Yong-hwan supposedly died in 1902, according to the ¡°petition¡± document. However, no important possessions or his body have been found. Moreover, Kang¡¯s temporary grave, was said to be near the Punggyeonggung Palace in Pyongyang, which was under construction then and makes the year of death as 1902 the more questionable. Park Hwang compiled the history of theaters in the 1900s starting from ¡°Gwangmudae Hyeopyulsa¡± (before 1990), ¡°Wongaksa¡± (1902) and the ¡°Dongdaemun Gwangmudae¡± (1907) and edited the oral statements given 30 years before in his The History of Changgeuk. Taking this record into account, this paper conducted a cross checking in order to reconstruct the records of Kang Yong-hwan¡¯s life. Kang Yong-hwan took part in performances in Seoul in sometime between 1903 and 1907 and gained experience of turning performances into ¡°changgeuk¡± by participating in performances of Chunhyangjeon, Eunsegye and Shimcheongjeon at Wongaksa in 1908. A singer of Dongpyeonje and Seopyeonje, Kang played the role as a scriptwriter who added humorous passages in the classical pansori songs and transformed the pansori into a changgeuk. He was talented in creating humorous and popular changgeuks by adding various jokes and popular songs into the mix. Kang was also interested in traditional Chinese musical performances and records from the ¡°Kim Chang-hwan Hyeopyulsa¡± also shows his role as a stage director. Kang Yong-hwan¡¯s life is significant in that he was a script writer and a stage director from the traditional performer group.

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This thesis illustrates an instance and its characteristics of collecting the salt tax revenue in Tongli Trade Negotiation Office Amun(Å븮±³¼·Åë»ó»ç¹«¾Æ¹®) from 1885 to 1894.Since 1876, right after opening of ports, increasing number of foreign trade and economic development have led to active salt production and distribution. Among them, King Gojong established Tongli Gimu Amun(Å븮±â¹«¾Æ¹®) in December 1880 and promoted to reform. In 1882 winter, Tongli Gimu Amun was seperated to Tongli Trade Negotiation Office Amun(Å븮±³¼·Åë»ó»ç¹«¾Æ¹®) and Tongli militarist Secretary Amun(Å븮±º±¹»ç¹«¾Æ¹®). Tongli Trade Negotiation Office Amun(Tongsang Amun) needed funds to be more active, so government allowed them to impose some taxes including salt tax revenue.In 1885, Tongsang Amun appointed salt tax monitor and started to levy salt tax revenue in Gyeongsang Province. Moreover, one year later, Tongsang Amun collected salt tax from eight provinces including Gyeonggi Province. In the past,salt tax had been levied by means of salt production such as salt ponds. However,one thing to notice is that tax revenue was levied on the amount of salt itself.Specifically, Tongsang Amun tried to levy salt tax revenue from three to six jeon(Àü)per salt one suk(roughly 180 liter). In addition, Tongsang Amun tried to impose salt distribution taxes to merchants.In order to succeed in collecting salt tax in Tongsang Amun, levying salt tax revenue from other government offices must have been prohibited. However, it did not work well. As other government offices tended to collect tax on salt production,salt producers and merchants submitted a number of petitions and even resisted.After the Gabo Reform, collecting offices of salt tax revenue have been continuously changed from Takji Department(ŹÁöºÎ) to Gungnae Department(±Ã³»ºÎ), and again changed to Naejang Won(³»Àå¿ø). In addtion, a way to impose tax revenue on salt has been changed from means of production to product itself. In 1906, Tonggam Department(Åë°¨ºÎ) levied tax on a product itself.

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This paper is a study of old documents in a literary way. Old documents and literature have many things in common in that they both record stories that occur in life. The only difference is that old documents pursue facts and literature has fictional elements. Old documents have been treated as the primary data for history. History and literature, however, both have facts and fictions. The two are very close and the point that the two meet is old documents. This paper introduces various old documents, restructures ¡®the scenes of life¡¯, and examines the literary expressions, characteristics in their description, and the relationship with literary works that are expressed in old documents. This paper examined the correlation between old documents and literature focusing on soji(a kind of petition paper submitted to government offices) among old documents. Soji is the document that clearly shows human desire and conflict. As it is similar to accusation or petition of today, it clearly reveals the conflict between individuals, between in an individual and an organization, between government and people, and between government and an organization. Those who wrote soji followed its format but also had to effectively appeal their justification and express their resentment about injustice. To express their sincerity, they mixed fact and fiction to a certain level or exaggerated the fact in a way that is advantageous to them while writing the documents. Chapter 2 showed the process through which the contents of the old documents that were kept in separate sheets of paper were restructured and made into a story. It focused on reading individual old documents that were dispersed as single pieces, finding their correlation, and restoring the fact and narration that were hidden behind them. As the value of old documents is that they can find story of common people which is excluded from the historical narration, stories were restructured focusing on the documents that can show the life of the general public in Joseon era. Targeting old documents about commoners who had to sell their children as slaves, about how the sons of rich family were exempted from physical labor, the fight between son-in-law and great grandson over properties, and the challenging life of widows, this study applied methodologies such as ¡®combining¡¯, ¡®restructuring¡¯, ¡®filling in between lines¡¯, and ¡®giving significance¡¯ and restored old stories. Chapter 3 dealt with the aspect of using and expanding old documents in a literary way. First of all, through ¡ºYuseopilji¡» that shows the typical features of old documents and ¡ºYoram¡», the sentence study book for town officials, it examined the characteristics of old documents as practical texts and revealed that they take the form of animal fables to raise learners¡¯ interest. Literary works with the format of soji such as ¡ºAegumgongjang¡»takes the soji format of old documents but belongs to a totally different category. As it was made for sentence study or words play, real incidents are supposed to be transformed and exaggerated. Next, focusing on old documents that express the internal or external conflicts of local officials, this study examined how the aspect of relationship between local governors and local officials is accepted in different genres and how different they are. In the distributing process of old documents, the relationship between local governors, local officials, and the general public is the crucial factor in resolving issues. Especially, in the scene where soji is distributed, the dynamic relationship among the general people who do not know Chinese letters, local governors who are the ruling class and the decision-makers in incidents, and the group of town officials who accept and transfer documents in the middle and handle issues is the essential factor that affects judgment. This paper made comparison and conducted analysis through oral literature that was transmitted orally by the public who were excluded from literacy life and historical stories that are the written record of the intelligent. Chapter 4 excavated the old document data that describe the incident of the widow, Park, that occurred in Youngcheon, in 1820, and examined through which process and method an actual incident was accepted as literary work and transformed. Especially, it focused on the shifting aspect of narration according to different time period by looking into how the same incident is described differently according to time of record, style of writing, and narrator. For this, using official record of the nation and realistically recorded materials, the full story of the incident was restructured. ¡¸Nobimansukmyeongjaengwonjeong¡¹ has the slave, Mansuk, as its narrator and effectively describes faithfulness of the widow, Park, and loyalty of the slave, Mansuk.¡¸Yulbubakssisashilgi¡¹ focuses on the personality of Park as a faithful wife, and ¡¸Seoyoungcheonbakyeolbusa¡¹ delivers the story based on the fact and emphasizes the importance of the role of local governor in the resolution of the incident. This incident is recorded in many historical story books of late Joseon era. They mostly deliver the story realistically but some were found to have changed some parts intentionally to protect the victim. ¡ºChungnomansukjeon¡», which was published serially in the newspaper,¡ºMaeilshinbo¡» by Bosang Lee in 1936, is a work that was created as a popular novel by adding the popular fun factor in real incident. By portraying the righteous behavior of the main character, Mansuk, it tried to spread the traditional value, loyalty and overcome national crisis. Lastly, this study added as appendix the real examples of story-telling using old documents and the incidents of applying story-telling technique in the exhibition of old documents. It introduced the stories of old documents and works that were provided as original sources in the local story excavation program and used in the creation of stories, and cases of using story-telling method in reforming the permanent exhibition of a university museum, and exhibition data that gained popularity in the exhibition of old documents through a special exhibition in local festival. keywords : Old Documents(ͯÙþßö), petition documents(á¶ò¤), story-telling, Hyangli(úÁ×Ù), Conflicts, Chaste woman(æïÜþ)

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