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This paper explores the civil enforcement system of the DPRK and the characteristics thereof regarding enterprises. The DPRK¡¯s civil enforcement legal system is quite sound and in some ways similar to that of the ROK in that it consists of execution agents and schuldtitel, and in that the overarching civil procedure law provides for enforcement, indirect compulsory performance and other conservative measures.However, the DPRK¡¯s civil enforcement system regarding enterprises is also quite different from that of the ROK, which difference highlights the socialist character of the DPRK. This socialist setting, particularly impacts on the arbitral process, which is very different from that adopted in the West and the centralized banking system. In the DPRK, enterprises are prohibited from keeping and using cash under the so-called ¡°Principle of circulation without cash¡±, and therefore enterprises must transact with each other by bank wire transfer. Based on such rule, the centralized bank becomes the main enforcement agency in an arbitration procedure in the DPRK.

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There are various types of civil execution including execution on movable or immovable assets, exercise of security rights, preservative measures(provisional seizure, preliminary injunction), and these various execution procedures differ in executing authority, appeal procedure. We have rehabilitation, bankrupty, individual rehabilitation procedure under the Korean ¡®Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act¡¯ and each one has its own procedure of adjusting stakeholder¡¯s legal interest to efficiently rehabilitate debtors and to fairly distribute their properties.Stay orders in rehabilitation and individual rehabilitation procedures suspend ongoing execution procedures and prohibition orders in individual rehabilitation procedure prohibit new execution procedures. General prohibition orders, decisions commencing rehabilitation proceedings, applications for immunity have effects of suspension of ongoing executions & prohibition of new executions. Finally, court approvals of rehabilitation plans, declarations of bankruptcy, decisions to grant immunity, court approvals of repayment plans make those suspended execution procedures void.Stay orders and prohibition orders suspend the execution procedures when the order documents are submitted according to the Civil Execution Act article 49(2). On the other hand, the decisions commencing rehabilitation proceedings, declaration of bankruptcy themselves are obstacles to civil executions and the execution court has to find it ex offcio and may rescind the order when missed.We expect more researches and debates on the issues including whether to allow an objection or an immediate appeal to remove the invalid appearance and whether to distinguish an assignment order from an collection order in appeal procedure.

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¡°Agreements must be kept(Pacta Sunt Servanda)¡± principle can not be an exception to Bitcoin holders. When a person who does not repay the debt, the nation takes away the property of debtor and returns the money to the creditor. This process is called civil execution. The meaning of ¡®take away¡¯ is to restrict the right to dispose of the property. Then, How to prevent the debtor from disposing of his/her Bitcoin? There are different ways of restricting disposal depending on whether the type of property is real estate, movable property, or bonds. First, in case of real estate, the nation manages the register book, which is the transaction ledger, so that even if the debtor disposes of the seized property, the nation can erase the entry. But the Bitcoin ledger is decentralized and nobody, including the nation, can fix transaction encry that have already been recorded in the ledger. Therefore, real estate seizure methods cannot be applied to Bitcoin. In order to seize the bonds, the garnishee is obliged. The obligation is 'Do not return the object of the bond seized to the debtor. It will not be effective even if it is returned, and later it must be repaid to the executive creditor.' But Bitcoin networks are self-running unattended algorithms without a central control institution(Trusted Third Party), so there is no way to impose such legal obligations. On the other hand, if the bit coin passes through the exchange to be changed into lawful money, the exchange, which is the central control institution, is subject to the law, so the exchange can be used as the garnishee to seize the bit coin deposited by the debtor. In the case of Bitcoin that is not stored on the exchange, i. e. Bitcoin stored in the debtor¡¯s wallet, there is a method of foreclosure by transferring it to a wallet by the nation. However, in order to retrieve a bit coin from a wallet, it is necessary to know the private key, and if the debtor does not cooperate with it, there is no technical means by which the nation can forcibly find out the private key. In this case, monitoring the balance of the debtor¡¯s wallet after foreclosure, and if the bit coin is withdrawn, it is possible to indirectly prohibit the disposal by punishing the debtor. Consequently, In the end, if you do not get the help of the exchange, the seizure of the way of taking the Bitcoin of the debtor is difficult to enforce effectively. In order to deal with Bitcoin in current legal system, the registration system of the exchange and the real account of the Bitcoin transaction account must be prepared.. In order to do this, it is necessary to legalize the exchange and attract it as a partner for government policy operation

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Because the beneficiary right in trust is a beneficiary¡¯s valuable asset, it could be executed by civil execution procedure. It is so meaningful, for the civil execution of trust assets is basically prohibited. This essay deals with the issues like hereunder.First, this essay proposes the distinction between the basic beneficiary right and the actualized right. It is important to study the issues. It also explains the meaing of beneficiary claims and the change from it. ¡®Beneficiary claim¡¯ has been newly introduced into the Japanese new trust law and will be possibly introduced into the Korean new law in the near future.Second, this essay checks up the possibility of prohibition from being seizured, which is a factor to hinder civil execution. It especially deals with supporting allowance.Third, it reviews the methods of civil execution for the beneficary rights and the effect of its seizure on the settlor¡¯s directing power to the trustee. This essays suggests that the seizure doesn¡¯t have any effect on it. It also insists that the creditor can assign the actualized beneficiary right and that the seizuring creditor cannot terminate the trust contract.Finally, it supposes that the trustee cannot seizure and have the pledge rights of the beneficiary right of his beneficiary, even though some discussion and the precedents of Japan and Korea allow the trustee to have the pledge rights.

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It is difficult to enforce additional collection to third person except criminal. But in a regard of enforce completion, additional collection comes into the picture recently. Along with execution means of Criminal Law and Act on Regulation and Punishment of Criminal Proceeds Concealment, it should make the best use of Civil Law¡¯s compulsory execution like a preservative measure, provisional attachment, attachment, subrogation action by creditor, collecting action.and it should be gone ahead of understanding and figuring out civil case and civil execution.In this Study, from a practical perspective, I deal with subjection that restriction in chasing property descended from proceeds of crime and review some problems that specifying amount of seizure when investigator enforce a preservative measure to third person¡¯s property like bank account and preparation for litigation of third party¡¯s objection, performance for illegal cause when nation use criminal¡¯s right substitutingly in title registration under a third party¡¯s name, enforcement inherited property preserved in relation to scope of additional collection enforcement.And sequentially I studied method of subrogation action by creditor, collecting action, enforcement under third party¡¯s deposit of preserved property.If possible, I concentrated on practical problem that investigator can encounter in applying Civil Law procedure around job affairs and I anticipated it invigorating the field of chasing concealed proceeds of crime by expanding Prosecution investigator¡¯s concern and arranging them functionally.

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[ÇØ¿Ü³í¹®]

The number of laws stipulating a prohibition of seizure in the civil enforcement system in Korea, exceeds 70. It is inevitable that legislation prohibits the seizure of certain assets of debtors in order to protect them, as recognized by almost countries in the world. However, too many anti-seizure legislation infringe the rights of creditors in civil enforcement procedures and hinders the smooth progress of procedures.Moreover, most of these laws lack uniform consideration under regulations, and do not even consider the relationship with the Civil Execution Act. In this regard, it is often questionable to what extent the actual property is prohibited from being seized. Discussions on this point are still quite insufficient and there are only a few precedents, but some say that seizure is unconditionally prohibited as all of the claims prescribed by the law. However, this attitude only means blind protection of debtors and is not desirable for fair enforcement procedures.Therefore, if the individual law clearly stipulates or sets the scope of the seizure, it is inevitable to comply, but if there is no clear provision, the scope and whether the seizure prohibition should be determined according to the provisions of the Civil Execution Act.

[ÇØ¿Ü³í¹®]

ÇÊÀÚ°¡ °á¼ÛÀÔ¾ÈÀ» ÀÐÀ¸¸é¼­ °¡Á³´ø Àǹ®Àº °ú¿¬ ¡®Á¶¼±ÀÇ Çö½Ç»çȸ¿¡¼­ ¼Û°ü(áèί)ÀÇ °á¼Û ³»¿ë[ð¹ëå]´ë·Î ÁýÇàÀÌ µÇ¾úÀ»±î?¡¯ ÇÏ´Â Á¡À̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ Àǹ®À» ÇؼÒÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ÇÊÀÚ´Â ÀÌ ³í¹®¿¡¼­ °¢Á¾ÀÇ ¹ÎÀåÄ¡ºÎÃ¥(ÚÅßÒ öÇÝ­óü)·ù¿Í ÀǼ۵å(ì¡áêÔ÷ßöóü)·ù¸¦ »ç·á·Î È°¿ëÇÏ¿© 19¼¼±â Á¶¼±ÀÇ ¹Î»çÁýÇàÀÇ ½ÇÅÂÀÇ ¸î °¡Áö ´Ü¸é(Ó¨Øü)À» ³íÁõÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù.¸ÕÀú ¥±, ¥², ¥³, ¥µ¿¡¼­ 19¼¼±â Á¶¼±ÀÇ Ã¤±ÇÀÚ¤ý¹¦Áö±ÇÀڴ ä±Ç¤ý¹¦Áö±Ç ¸¸Á·À» À§ÇÏ¿© 乫±¸±Ý(imprisonment for debt) ¼ö´ÜÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» °­ÇÏ°Ô Ã»¿ø(ôëêÃ)ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¼Û°üÀº ±× ¼ö´ÜÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» ²¨¸®°í °¡±ÞÀû乫±¸±ÝÀ» ÃÖÈļö´ÜÀ¸·Î¸¸ È°¿ëÇÏ·Á´Â ÀÚ¼¼¸¦ º¸ÀÌ°í ÀÖÀ½À» ³íÁõÇÑ´Ù. ¥´¿¡¼­´Â ¡®ÆмÒÀÎÀÌ ¼ö·ÉÀÇ µ³±è´ë·Î ÀÌÇàÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °æ¿ì¸¦ ´ëºñÇÏ¿© ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¼º¹®¹ýÀº ¾î¶² Á¶Ä¡¸¦ ¸¶·ÃÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾úÀ»±î¡¯¸¦ »ìÆ캻´Ù. ¥¶¿¡¼­´Â °üÂû»ç°¡ ¼Û°ü¿¡°Ô 乫±¸±ÝÀ» Áö½ÃÇÏ´Â »ç·Ê¸¦ ½ÇÁõÀûÀ¸·Î µå·¯³½´Ù. ¥·¿¡¼­´Â 乫ÀÚ °¨¿Á(debtor¡¯s prison)ÀÇ ±â´ÉÀ» °âÇÏ´Â 19¼¼±â Á¶¼±ÀÇ °¨¿ÁÀ» ³íÁõÇϸç, ¥¸¿¡¼­´Â Á¶¼±ÀÇ Áß¾ÓÁ¤ºÎ¿Í Áö¹æÁ¤ºÎ°¡ 乫±¸±ÝÀÇ ÃÖ´ë ¾Ö¿ëÀÚ¿´´ø »ç½ÇÀ» ³íÁõÇÑ´Ù. ¥¹¿¡¼­´Â ¡¹úÀû Çü»ç»ç¹ý ½Ã½ºÅÛ°ú 乫±¸±ÝÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ ³íÁõÇÑ´Ù.ÀÌ ³í¹®ÀÇ °á·ÐÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. °íµµ·Î ÇÕ¸®È­µÈ ¹ýÁ¦¿¡¼­´Â 乫±¸±ÝÀÌ ºÒ¹ýÈ­µÇ°Å³ª, ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´õ¶óµµ 乫±¸±ÝÀº ºñÇü»çÀû óºÐÀ¸·Î ¿î¿µµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¼­¾ç Áß¼¼ÀÇ Ã¤¹«ÀÚ °¨¿ÁÀÌ ÀÌ ¹üÁÖ¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù. Á¶¼± Áß±âºÎÅÍ ÃâÇöÇÑ ±¸·ù°£(Ϭ׺Êà)ÀÌ »ç¿Á(Þçè«)À¸·Î Ç¥ÇöµÈ °ÍÀ» º¸¸é ±¸·ù°£ÀÇ ¹ß»óÀº ¼­¾ç Áß¼¼ÀÇ Ã¤¹«ÀÚ °¨¿Á¿¡ ÇÊÀûÇÏ´Â Á¸Àç¿´´Ù. 19¼¼±â Á¶¼±ÀÇ Ã¤¹«±¸±ÝÀº Çü»çÀû ÇÁ·Î¼¼½ºÀÇ ÀϺηΠÆíÀԵǾî ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ ¼­¾ç Áß¼¼ÀÇ Ã¤¹«ÀÚ °¨¿Á°ú ´Ù¸¥ Ä«Å×°í¸®¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù.

[ÇØ¿Ü³í¹®]

People's Republic of China and the Republic of Korea has a different system in the Civil Execution System. Especially, China Civil Execution Systems has the following characteristics. The first characteristics are the nation interference that the reasons Scholars say it should come from Socialist Share. It is the apply the provisional attachment by court authority and to apply the civil execution by court authority and to search will be the property of the debtors by court authority. The second characteristics are urges the fulfillment of an obligation by the execution court. It is the process of the leading in the civil execution process that is distinctive system in the China. Third, difficult of compulsion execution that this trends were spreading all over the China. The scholars are looking at the causes of the locality safeguard and lack of the legal mind. Civil Procedure of China adopts the register system of the default of an obligation and confinement system that has received the criticism because of human rights abuses. The fifth characteristics are the uncertainty of the execution title that the reasons are various execution title, unlimited retrial and the conclusive judgment unfounded in the China. The sixth characteristics are in this problems that the creditors can be change the execution objects in the during compulsion execution procedure. China Civil Procedure Law prescribed the execution security system that to stop the compulsion execution procedure after the debtors provides the security objects in the during compulsion execution procedure. The eighth characteristics in the China Civil Execution are the consent executions that creditor and debtor do not the compulsion execution each other in this procedure. It is a special system in the People's Republic of China. China Civil Execution Systems has adopted the creditors equalitarianism in the allotment procedure that is the same way with our system. China Civil Procedure Law has not the claim of demand protest that the scholars has attributed to execution for suspension and execution for conclusion. Lastly, People's Republic of China have not the immediate appeal system.

[ÇØ¿Ü³í¹®]

Once a ruling is final in a civil suit, res judicata confirms the existence of the subject claim with execution power generated by its content. Even though a judicial process is over to confirm the right, one should sincerely implement the final civil execution procedure to fulfill the right according to faith.In the actual field of compulsory execution, however, an execution officer trying to carry out compulsory execution faces resistance from an execution debtor trying to avoid it in many cases.It is no exaggeration to say that there is always war going on in places where compulsory execution is happening. It is because an execution officer has a very difficult time making a request for assistance from police officers based on Civil Execution Act to address resistance from debtors due to the absence of related provisions in the actual Act on the Performance of Duties by Police Officers despite Article 5, Clause 2 of Civil Execution Act, which states that an execution officer is allowed to make a request for assistance from the police or military in case of resistance from debtors.If the procedure of compulsory execution is not followed according to the content in the secured executive titles, people's trust in judicial order as well as constitutionalism will drop. The fair and fast implementation of civil execution according to the procedure stipulated in Civil Execution Act is a matter of huge importance to all the related parties including the stakeholders as well as the individuals directly involved in the execution.Recognizing the high frequency of physical clashes in the field of execution, this study reviewed the duties and compulsory power of execution officers recognized by the Civil Execution Act and looked into the arrangement of related regulations from the perspective that the compulsory power of execution officers should be exercised right in actual compulsory execution.

[±¹³» ÇÐÀ§³í¹®]

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Public benefit as ideal of civil affairs execution Choi, An-Sik

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Civil execution is the procedure whereby an agency of a government realizes, by exercising legal force, the claims indicated in applicable execution empowerment documents. In general, the remedy system in the civil execution procedure is all of the means of removing any disadvantage that the parties relating to the civil execution or any third party may suffer. The civil execution is intrinsically a system for the benefit of creditor. However, it is inevitable to exercise mandatory 'force' against the debtor in the course of realizing the creditor's right. Further, the rights of relevant parties and interested persons may be infringed upon due to erroneous execution methods taken in the performance of execution. From the perspective of the creditor, the execution should be done swiftly and appropriately for the benefits guaranteed in the substantive law. From the perspective of the debtor and a third party, economic loss should be prevented and personal freedom should not be excessively infringed upon in the course of execution. Furthermore, such instances should be guarded against, that malicious debtors or third parties interfere with the execution procedure or make the realization of true rights impossible and so on through unfair challenge or objection suit, etc. by misusing remedy means. Accordingly, it poses a crucial issue to establish a system against such misuse of remedy system. As civil execution causes substantial infringement upon the property of debtor, the debtor must be granted the means of removing its disadvantages. Likewise, third parties must also be given the means of relief in case its rights are infringed upon. However, it may make the protection of creditor's rights neglectful to simply emphasize the remedy system for creditor or third parties. It must be considered in the remedy system of the civil execution procedure how we will balance the two contradictory points; namely, not only the consideration of realizing creditor's rights but also the protection of debtor and third parties. China declared the Reform and Open-door Policy (1978), enacted the Civil Procedure Code of the Peoples Republic of China in 1982, and promulgated it in 1991. But, the complaints over civil execution has not been solved. These complaints and disputes over the civil execution are collectively referred to as the 'difficulty of execution'. The academic circle and enforcement circle in China have constantly called for revising the Civil Procedure Code in order to solve the difficulty of execution. As a result, the Civil Procedure Code of the Peoples Republic of China was finally revised on October 28, 2007. The revision was made mainly on Articles 202, 203 and 204 concerning the execution remedy, but it still does not contain sufficient provisions for the remedy system of the civil execution, which generates a lot of problems in the execution for both relevant parties and third parties. It is said that in China there are still insufficient research in the academic circle and low interest in the enforcement circle on the remedy system of the civil execution. In Korea, lots of theories and legal research have been generated since long, and precedents have also been made in various aspects. Therefore, I want to look into the substantial difference and similarity of the civil remedy system between China and Korea and try to solve the problems of the civil execution system of China through comparative study in this thesis. In China, there are lots of proclaimed judicial interpretations other than the Civil Procedure Code, which constitute the roots of law. This is aiming to supplement, through judicial interpretations, any procedural deficiencies in the civil execution. However, there are a variety of judicial interpretations that are regarded as the roots of law nature, and furthermore, there are some conflicting area existing between different judicial interpretations. These pose a big obstacle to reasonable operation of the civil execution procedure at current stage. These kinds of symptom become serious problems to the uniformity of civil execution business and the national legal systematization. On the other hand, the current provisions on the civil execution in China consist in the Civil Procedure Code. That is to say, those are Article 201 through Article 234 in Chapter 3 Execution Procedure of the Civil Procedure Code. But, both of them are closely related with each other, and these two are generally separated and provided for as independent procedures under the current legal system. For example, while the civil suit procedure is the conceptional formation procedure of law, the civil execution procedure is the factual formation procedure of law. In the civil suit procedure, the suit is proceeded with both parties given equal status. In the civil execution procedure, however, the creditor is granted preferential status over the debtor. To say it again, I think it necessary to legislate a single set of civil execution law because the ideology or fundamental principle of civil execution procedure are not identical to those of the civil suit. While, of the causes which generate the difficulty of execution in China, the local region protectionism is deemed to be a very important issue. The local region protectionism means the measures or practices of any municipal government or judicial agency's maintaining or expanding the benefits of its own region by actively misusing or passively not exercising the power it retains for the benefit of its own region. The local region protectionism manifested in the course of execution is for a local region to be involved in the execution business of the execution court in order to protect the corporations or individuals of its own region. This affects the fairness and rapidity of the civil execution, and poses a big obstacle to the protection of parties' and third parties' rights. I think it urgent to take basic countermeasures for the local region protectionism. Accordingly, in this thesis I analyzed mainly the problems which the remedy system of the civil execution in China faces; namely, the problem in the civil relief of citizens, the problem in the judicial interpretations, incomplete legal provisions on the remedy system of the civil execution, the local region protectionism, etc. Especially, the purpose of this thesis is to study and summarize how those issues should be improved in comparison with the remedy system in the civil execution of Korea, wherever there are some problems, and then to provide suggestion on improvement of the remedy system of the civil execution in China by taking those into consideration.

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The scarcity value of land is growing higher in Korea due to overpopulation compared to the land size. Moreover, with limited land supply, the rise of demand for houses resulting from the increase of the population is disclosing limitations in the supply of land for housing. What is more, industrial development accelerates the use of land for facilities such as industrial complexes and roads. In addition, land supply is restricted by geographical features. Due to these problems, people are faced with limitations in owning and using land according to their personal interest. Therefore, the number of usufructuaries, who use land owned by others, is inevitably increasing. Because ?glands and buildings are regarded as separate real properties?h in Korea their legal constitutions are different. Because buildings and living trees, which are aboveground objects, cannot exist without the use of land, they cause the matter of land use right. That is, incase there has been no opportunity to set a land use right for or no agreement upon the existence of a building between the building owner and the land owner, it is unreasonable to make it legal to dismantle the building on the ground at any time. Thus, the law tries to remove such irrationality by acknowledging legal superficies for the building owner in case the involved parties have been unable to set the land usufruct for the building by themselves. Such legal superficies can be divided into several types: first, if the land and the aboveground building belong to the same owner, when leasehold right is set on the building, the special successor of the land ownership assumes that the leasehold right holder has superficies (Article 305?]1 of the Civil Code); second, mortgage has been settled while the land the aboveground building belong to the same owner and later the land owner comes to be different from the building owner in auction (Article 366 of the Civil Code); third, temporarily registered security right, mortgage or mortgage of sales right has been settled for either the land or the building while the land the aboveground building belong to the same owner and later the land owner comes to be different from the building owner as the mortgage is executed (Article 10 of the Act on Temporarily Registered Security Right, etc.); fourth, while the land and living trees belong to the same owner, the land owner comes to be different from the owner of the living trees due to auction or other reason (Article 6 of the Act on Living Trees); fifth, customary legal superficies are acknowledged by judicial precedents when the building owner comes to be different from the land owner due to trade or other reason during the land and the building belong to the same owner; and sixth, one who builds a grave on another person?fs land acquire a real right similar to superficies on the graveyard and this is called graveyard site right.
 The current law in Korea acknowledges legal superficies in the cases listed above.
 Besides, legal superficies are acknowledged for lands or building belonging to mortgaged factory estate by the provision on legal superficies in Article 366 of the Civil Code (Article 31 ?@ of the Hypothecation of Factories?f Property Act), and because the provision on factory estate in the Hypothecation of Factories?f Property Act is applied for mine estate (Article 5 of the Hypothecation of Mines?f Property Act), legal superficies are acknowledged by the Hypothecation of Mines?f Property Act.
 The present study first examines problems related to legal superficies through systematic understanding, theories and judicial cases of the legal superficies system, which aims at adjustment between the right to the value of buildings and the right to the use of land. Next, we analyze the effect of legal superficies because the constitution of legal superficies is a key issue in the auction of real properties by the Civil Code. The constitution of legal superficies is a critical base in analyzing rights to land to be auctioned, deciding to participate in auction or not, and determining the bidding price. Therefore, this study purposed to suggest methods that reduce auction participants?f loss and maximize bids through preventing disadvantages and losses happening in the social and economic aspects by analyzing rights to objects to be auctioned, in which the existence of legal superficies is a question, and through providing criteria for judgment to all auction participants by analyzing actual cases.
 Because the legal superficies system imposes a material restriction on land ownership, it should be applied only to inevitable cases and it should be avoid as much as possible to expand the scope of application of the system. That is, it is necessary to acknowledge legal superficies only when the ground is obvious in terms of balance between public requirement and private interest. First, with regard to the ground of acknowledging legal superficies, if the public purpose allows, the involved parties?f intention should be respected. At the same time, however, the constitution of legal superficies should be determined in consideration of third parties?f interest.
 As auctions are becoming popularized today, the constitution of legal superficies, which are undeclared rights, is an important issue to auction participants and should be coped with actively by the interested parties, namely, the debtor and the creditor. Currently, if there are aboveground objects, in most cases the court auctioneer marks ?gLegal superficies not established?h on the writhen investigation. However, it is very rare that legal superficies are established in court auction as studied with the case above. It is because in many cases building occupiers maintain legal superficies in court auction although there is no ground for the constitution of legal superficies. ?gLegal superficies not established?h (legal superficies unknown) marked in court auction can be disadvantageous not only to the debtor and creditor but also to auction participants. The legal superficies system for public purposes and third parties?f interest is exploited by a small number of auction participants who are familiar with auction and some creditors who are misusing the legal superficies system. Thus, when a property is auctioned, the party that may have legal superficies must report the fact to the court so that the court makes a close investigation and marks the existence of legal superficies correctly in the written investigation. The system should be improved for more transparent and fairer auction to prevent losses in both auction participants and the debtor/creditor and to keep a small number of auction brokers and specialists from gaining exclusive benefits.
 For the improvement of the system, we make suggestions as follows. 
 First, because legal superficies system has been introduced with public purpose to protect building ownership, requirements for the right must be interpreted strictly. For this reason, customary legal superficies established by judicial precedents should be acknowledged limitedly or not be acknowledged.
 Second, with regard to legal superficies related to mortgage under the Civil Code, the interpretation that the land and the building must belong to the same owner on the settlement of mortgage is not consistent with the legislative purpose of the law, so such a restrictive interpretation should be discarded.
 Third, legal superficies are usufruct established by law regardless of the concerned parties?f intention, which impose a material restriction upon land ownership, so they should be interpreted limitedly as much as possible. It is because, particularly in civil cases, the interest of successful bidders in real property auctions is greatly affected by the constitution of legal superficies.

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Execution procedure in a broad sense has evolved from a civil execution procedure, which is an individual execution procedure, to an insolvency procedure, which is a general execution procedure. The insolvency procedure has again evolved from a bankruptcy procedure to a rehabilitation procedure. These procedures are often performed concurrently in practice. Against this backdrop, this article aims to individually examine, from both procedural and substantive perspectives, how a preferential right and self-enforcement of tax claims are exercised and restricted, respectively, especially in the civil execution procedure, the most fundamental execution procedure, and make a horizontal comparison thereof. In the civil execution procedure, a tax claim is treated similarly to a security right, such as mortgage, and there is no preferential treatment. On the other hand, in the insolvency procedure, a type of liquidation procedure, a tax claim is classified as an estate claim, and the principle of tax priority is thoroughly upheld. Although there exists a minor restriction in collection, such restriction is not critical. In the rehabilitation procedure, a tax claim is classified as a rehabilitation claim, and is restricted by the rehabilitation procedure because the purpose of the rehabilitation procedure is the restoration of companies. However, there are several procedural privileges in the rehabilitation procedure, and during the procedure, temporary disposition for arrears may be suspended, but the exemption of a tax claim is strictly regulated. Both bankruptcy procedures and rehabilitation procedures fall within the category of the execution procedure in a broad sense, and the characteristics of the two are considered not so different from each other. Considering the fact that the execution procedure has evolved from the civil execution procedure to the bankruptcy procedure, and from the bankruptcy procedure to the rehabilitation procedure, excessive preferential treatment of tax claims in the bankruptcy procedure or the rehabilitation procedure merits careful reconsideration.

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