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IV. ¸¶Ä¡¸ç ¿Ü±¹ÀÎ ÀÌÁֳ뵿ÀÚ Á¦µµ¸¦ µµÀÔÇÑ Áö 20¿© ³âÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÖ°í, Á¦µµÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¹ÀÌ Á¤ÂøµÇ¾î °¡°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ ¿Ü±¹ÀÎ ±Ù·ÎÀÚµéÀº ³¸¼± À̵éÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç, Áß¼Ò±â¾÷¿¡ È°·ÂÀ» ºÒ¾î³Ö´Â ¿ì¸®³ª¶ó ³ëµ¿·ÂÀÇ ÇÑ ÃàÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿Ü±¹ÀÎ ±Ù·ÎÀÚÀÇ »ç¿ëÀº ¸¹Àº ÀåÁ¡°ú À̵æÀ» °¡Á®´Ù ÁØ °ÍÀÌ »ç½ÇÀÌÁö¸¸, ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÇØ°áµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÒ ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ Ãø¸éÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ù°, ±¹³»ÀÇ ´Ü¼ø ³ë¹«Á÷ °í¿ë½ÃÀå¿¡ ÀÏ¹Ý ³»±¹ÀÎ ±Ù·ÎÀÚÀÇ °í¿ëÀ» ´õ¿í´õ ¾î·Æ°Ô ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ü¼ø±â´ÉÀ» °¡Áø ±¹³» ±Ù·ÎÀÚÀÇ °æ¿ì ³·Àº ÀÓ±ÝÀ¸·Î °è¼Ó °í¿ëÀ» À¯ÁöÇÒ ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Â Çö½ÇÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ºÎºÐÀº ´Ù¼Ò °³¼±ÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í º»´Ù. µÑ°, °í¿ëÇã°¡Á¦ÀÇ ¿î¿ë»ó ¹ß»ýµÇ´Â ¹®Á¦Á¡ Áß Çϳª´Â ÀÏ·üÀûÀ¸·Î ȸ»çÀÇ ±Ô¸ð¿¡ µû¶ó °í¿ë°¡´É ÀοøÀ» ÇÒ´çÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾î ±â¼ú·ÂÀ̳ª ½ÃÀåÁö¹è·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °­ÇÑ Áß¼Ò±â¾÷µµ ÀÌ Á¦µµ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ ¼ø¼ö ÀΰǺñ¸¦ ³·Ãß°í ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ÀûÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇØ ¿Ü±¹ÀαٷÎÀÚ°¡ »ó½ÃÀûÀ¸·Î ´õ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¿­¾ÇÇÑ Áß¼Ò±â¾÷¿¡ Á¦ÇÑµÈ Àοø¸¸ÀÌ ¹èÁ¤µÇ¾î ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ³ëµ¿·ÂÀ» È®º¸ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â °æ¿ìµµ ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ±â¼úÀû, °æÁ¦Àû ¿­¼¼¿¡ ÀÖ´Â 3D(Dirty, Difficult, and Dangerous)¾÷Á¾ÀÇ Ãë¾àÇÑ Áß¼Ò±â¾÷¿¡ ´õ ¸¹Àº ¿Ü±¹ÀÎ ±Ù·ÎÀÚ°¡ ¹èÁ¤µÉ ¼ö Àִ ź·Â¼º ÀÖ´Â Àη¹èÁ¤ Á¤Ã¥ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í º»´Ù. ¼Â°, °í¿ë³ëµ¿ºÎ°¡ ´Ü¼ø ³ë¹«Á÷ ¿Ü±¹ÀÎ °í¿ëÁ¤Ã¥¿¡ ÆíÁßÇÏ´Ù º¸´Ï ±â¾÷ü¿¡¼­ Àü¹®Áö½ÄÀ» °¡Áø Àü¹®Á÷ ä¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ °í¿ë»ó ¸¹Àº Á¦¾àÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±¹°¡°£ »ê¾÷°æÀï·ÂÀÌ ÇϳªÀÇ Áö±¸ÃÌÀÌ µÇ°í °¡°í ÀÖ´Â Çö½Ç¿¡¼­ ¿Ü±¹ÀÇ Àü¹® °í±ÞÀηÂÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á» ´õ ½±°í ¿­¸° ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» °®Ãß´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. I. Introduction There are two main types of foreign workers being brought into Korea. The first type is foreign migrant workers (E-9 visa) under the Employment Permit System (EPS) for such industries as manufacturing, construction, farming, and fishing (¡°3D¡±, or ¡°dirty, dangerous, difficult¡± industries), and the other is foreign professional employees (E1~E7 visas) with specialized knowledge, such as college professors, experts in a specific field, researchers, and English teachers. These foreigners not only supplement our insufficient work force, but also provide professional knowledge and technology necessary to our industries. Korea had been bringing foreign workers in under the Industrial Trainee System since 1993 to deal with the labor shortage in small and medium sized companies, but since August 2004, this System has been replaced with the Employment Permit System of the ¡°Act on Foreign Worker Employment, etc.¡± (Foreign Workers Act). The Employment Permit System consists of the non-professional employment visa (E-9) for foreign workers engaged in simple skilled jobs and the visiting employment visa (H-2) for overseas Koreans. The Employment Permit System was introduced to provide workforce stability in industries suffering from severe labor shortages while protecting the Korean labor market. The following explains the process of hiring foreign workers, application of labor law, and items requiring attention under the Foreign Workers Act. II. Employment through the Employment Permit System1. Industries permitted to hire foreign workers and related quotas(1) Manufacturing : Small and medium-sized manufacturing companies ordinarily hiring fewer than 300 workers or with a market capital of ₩8 billion are allowed to hire foreign workers. Provided that, if a manufacturing company surpasses the aforementioned conditions, it can still hire foreign workers if it receives a ¡°Certificate of Small & Medium Enterprise Confirmation¡± from the regional Small & Medium Enterprise Administration. The quota of foreign workers depends on the size of the company, but is 10 to 20% of the domestic workforce. (2) Construction : Most construction companies can use the Employment Permit System. Construction companies are allowed to hire up to 5 workers if the company¡¯s average annual gross is less than ₩1.5 billion, with an additional 0.4 foreign workers allowed for every ₩100 million in gross exceeding the ₩1.5 billion. (3) Services : Service companies can use overseas Korean job-seekers (H-2 visa) visiting through the Special Employment Permit System. Service companies with 5 workers or fewer can hire up to 2 overseas Korean workers even if there are no other Koreans working for the company, while service companies with 6 or more workers can hire the number of overseas Koreans equivalent to 30 to 40% of the domestic workforce. (4) Agriculture, livestock and fishing : Agriculture and livestock companies with 10 workers or fewer can hire up to 5 foreign workers even if this means that there are no Korean workers in the company. Larger companies can have up to approximately 20% of their workforce as foreign workers. For the fishing industry, fishing boats of 20 tons or less and aquaculture do not fall under the Seamen¡¯s Law. They can use foreign workers, and non-Korean workers can make up 40% of the personnel onboard each boat. 2. Employment Methods through the Employment Permit System(1) General Employment Permit System 1) Issuance of a letter of employment permission : Employers intending to hire foreign workers shall first apply to the Employment Security Center (ESC) for recruitment of Korean nationals. The ESC will issue a document confirming a workforce shortage for employers unable to find enough Korean workers despite their hiring efforts (the recruiting period must be at least 3-7 days). The employer shall choose the workers he/she needs from a list of foreign workers that the ESC recommends (which will be three times larger than the number needed). Once the employer has done so, the ESC will issue employment permits for those foreign workers. Before issuing these permits, the ESC shall confirm that the following qualifications exist: the company applying to recruit foreign workers fits the eligibility criteria; the employer had tried to hire Korean workers; there shall be no employment adjustment within two months, and there should not be any delay in payment of wages for 5 months. 2) Signing an employment contract : The employer will sign the standard employment contract provided by the Ministry of Employment & Labor with the chosen foreign workers. The contract will specify working conditions such as wages, working hours, holidays, work places, and working period etc. The effective date of the employment contract is when the foreign worker enters Korea. Therefore, the employment relationship begins with this date of arrival to Korea, and shall be the date used to calculate severance pay, etc. 3) Essential duties to be handled : The employer must register the foreign workers at the Immigration Office and apply for work visas. That is, the employer will receive certificates of alien registration regarding the E-9 visas and have the foreign employees enter Korea. Foreign workers shall receive pre-employment training at a designated training institute within 15 days of their arrival into Korea. During this training period, the training institute will have them receive a medical checkup against epidemic diseases defined under law. Employers and foreign workers shall have the essential insurances. The employer shall provide a departure guarantee insurance to secure severance pay and guarantee insurance to prevent delayed payment of wages, while the foreign workers shall ensure they have personal injury insurance and sufficient funds for return airfare. (2) Employment Permit System for Overseas Koreans1) Introduction : Special Employment for Overseas Koreans is a system where employers can hire overseas Koreans already in Korea, for the construction, service, manufacturing, and other industries. Those who have a visiting employment visa (H-2) shall attend the employment training designated and get a job after registration with the Employment Security Center. 2) Applicable overseas workers : ¨ç Overseas Koreans with relatives in Korea: Overseas Koreans aged 25 years or older who have resided in China or one of the former Soviet republics, those who have received an invitation from a family member registered in the family registration or his/her descendants, or from a blood relative (third cousin or closer) or a relative through marriage (first cousin or closer) as a registered Korean resident. ¨è Overseas Koreans with no relatives in Korea: such persons shall be selected through a Korean language test, random selection, etc. 3) Issuance of visiting employment visa (H-2) and entry to Korea : Overseas Koreans with relatives in Korea may enter Korea with an H-2 visa issued by a Korean embassy in a foreign country, while Overseas Koreans without relatives in Korea may enter with a visa issued after passing a Korean language test or through random selection. 4) Employment training, physical check-up, application for employment : Persons entering Korea for the purpose of visiting employment shall take employment training (20 hours or more) for domestic activities at an employment training institute (the Korea HRD Service), have a check-up to confirm his/her physical eligibility, and apply for employment during the training period. 5) Issuance of a certificate for special employment : Similar to the procedures under the Employment Permit System, the employer shall make an effort to hire Korean citizens first, before applying for and receiving a certificate for special employment from the Employment Security Center. 6) Signing an employment contract : The employer will sign the standard employment contract with the selected job-seekers who are also from a list three times larger than needed, and recommended by the Employment Security Center. The effective date of the employment contract is when the overseas Korean actually begins providing labor service. The employer shall submit the report of employment to the regional ESC, within 10 days after the overseas Korean begins to work for the employer. (3) Comparison of the Employment Permit System (EPS) and the Special EPS III. Employment Permit System and Working Conditions1. Employment contract When hiring a foreign worker, the employment contract shall be based on the standard employment contract (from the ESC). This is to help prevent labor disputes regarding working conditions between the two parties and to protect the worker, who is in a weaker position than the employer. The employment contract shall address matters regarding contract period, workplace, duties, working hours and breaks, holidays, wages, etc. The contract period shall be stipulated as 3 years or less from the date the foreign worker enters Korea. However, if the employer receives permission from the ESC for employment extension, the employer may retain a foreign worker for up to an additional two years (for a maximum of 5 years). The workplace can change up to 3 times during the contract period, and permitted reasons for such changes are: ¨ç Expiration of the contract period, mutual agreement for termination of employment, or cancellation of the employment contract due to reasons attributable to the worker; ¨è Suspension or cessation of business, or other reasons not attributable to the foreign worker (such instances shall not be counted as a workplace change); ¨é Cancellation of the company¡¯s employment permission or receipt of an administrative order for restriction of employment of foreign workers; ¨ê Cases where a foreign worker cannot continue the employment due to unfair treatment from the employer, such as difference in working conditions or violation of contracted working conditions, etc. 2. Prohibition of discrimination on foreign workers(1) Application of labor laws : General working conditions in labor law are applicable to foreign workers in the same way they are applicable to Korean nationals, including the prohibition against discrimination, prohibition against forced labor, and restrictions on dismissal. Overtime hours exceeding regular work hours, night work, and holiday work shall be paid with basic wages and additional allowances. Annul paid leave shall also be applied identically and unused annual leave days shall be compensated. In addition, statutory severance pay shall be given to foreign workers who have worked for at least one year upon termination of employment. However, the prohibition against discrimination in working conditions is not applicable because Korean citizens cannot be the target of comparison. The two year maximum term for workers to remain ¡°temporary¡± also does not apply, as foreign workers fall under the Immigration Act first. (2) Application of 4 social security insurances : ¨ç The Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act applies to employers ordinarily hiring at least one worker, but this does not apply to agricultural and fishing companies that hire 5 persons or fewer, and it does not apply to construction projects not exceeding ₩20 million. In cases where a worker suffers an occupational injury or disease which is recognized as an occupational accident from the Employee Welfare Corporation, he/she can receive all expenses required for medical treatment, suspension compensation of 70% of average wages during the suspended period, disability compensation if he/she is handicapped after recovery, and survivor¡¯s pension and funeral service assistance for his/her family in the event of an employee¡¯s death. ¨è Employment insurance applies to workplaces which ordinarily hire at least one employee, but for foreign workers, this insurance becomes voluntary upon consultation between the employee and employer. ¨é National Health Insurance is mandatory for foreign workers as well as overseas Koreans working in the workplace (effective January 1, 2006). ¨ê Payment into the National Pension scheme is mandatory for any workplace where a worker between the age of 18 and 60 is hired. This also applies to workplaces hiring foreign workers. IV. ConclusionIt has been 20 years since Korea introduced the migrant foreign worker system. Foreign workers are not rare or strange anymore, but have played a very pivotal role in vitalizing small and medium-sized companies. This use of foreign workers has brought many advantages and profit, but at the same time has included some negative aspects. First, for low-skilled Korean citizens, it has become more and more difficult to remain employed. It is a harsh reality that low-skilled Koreans seem likely to continue receiving low wages. Second, the Employment Permit System is not a perfect system, in that the number of employable personnel is assigned equally according to the size of the company, as some small and medium-sized companies with superior technology or who are more competitive use this system simply to save on labor costs. As a result, some less-competitive small and medium companies that desperately need foreign workers cannot hire the necessary number of foreign workers due to a limited quota assigned to them based on company size. Quota flexibility would be a useful way to ensure more personnel are assigned to less-competitive small and medium-sized companies engaged in 3D jobs (dirty, dangerous, difficult). Third, since the Ministry of Employment & Labor has focused on labor policy related to the use of low-skilled foreign workers, many companies have difficulty hiring professional expatriates. As industrial competition between nations has become reality, it is becoming necessary to ensure the employment system in Korea is more open to hiring professional foreign personnel.   (ÀÌÇÏ »ý·«)

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