- Natural Products and Caries Prevention
- Cheng, Lei, Li, Jiyao, He, Libang, Zhou, Xuedong | Caries research (v.49 / no.suppl1 / pp.38-45 / 20150008-6568)
- Abstract Dental caries is considered as the most common polymicrobial oral disease in the world. With the aim of developing alternative approaches to reduce or prevent t
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Abstract Dental caries is considered as the most common polymicrobial oral disease in the world. With the aim of developing alternative approaches to reduce or prevent the decay, numerous papers showed the potential anticaries activity of a number of natural products. The natural products with anticaries effects are selected from e.g. food, beverages, flowers or traditional herbs. Most of the effective components are proven to be polyphenol compounds. Many of the natural products are studied as antibacterial agents, while some of them are found to be effective in shifting the de-/remineralization balance. However, the mechanisms of the anticaries effects are still unclear for most of the natural products. In the future, more efforts need to be made to seek novel effective natural products via in vitro experiment, animal study and in situ investigations, as well as to enhance their anticaries effects with the help of novel technology like nanotechnology. ⓒ 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel
- Equitable and progressive distance-based user charges design and evaluation of income-based mileage fees in Maryland
- Yang, D., Kastrouni, E., Zhang, L. | Transport policy (v.47 / pp.169-177 / 20160967-070x)
- As a result of the declining purchasing power of fuel tax revenues, the Highway Trust Fund (HTF) is currently insufficient to maintain and expand the U.S. surface transpo
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As a result of the declining purchasing power of fuel tax revenues, the Highway Trust Fund (HTF) is currently insufficient to maintain and expand the U.S. surface transportation system. Alternative revenue sources should be considered to address the insolvency of the current funding system. Mileage fees and value pricing have long been attractive options to researchers and decision-makers, but they often raise concerns of equity. This paper aims to design and evaluate equitable and progressive distance-based user fee policies, focusing specifically on income-based fee rate structures. In addition to equity, the policy design criteria must also include practicality, simplicity, revenue generation, and a consideration of the design's impact on surrounding jurisdictions. Three variable-rate vehicle-miles-traveled (VMT) fee scenarios with respect to income are introduced: Ramsey pricing, fixed-interval incremental, and fixed-percentage incremental structures. All policy scenarios are tested with a statewide transportation model in Maryland. Results show that income-based VMT fees can better protect lower-income households while generating additional revenue; however, a standard fee structure based on Ramsey pricing, or the inverse-elasticity rule, does not work as well as the fixed-interval incremental fee structure. The latter is progressive across all income groups while ensuring that equity and revenue goals are met.
- Natural products for treatment of bone erosive diseases: The effects and mechanisms on inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption
- An, J., Hao, D., Zhang, Q., Chen, B., Zhang, R., Wang, Y., Yang, H. | International immunopharmacology (v.36 / pp.118-131 / 20161567-5769)
- Excessive bone resorption plays a central role on the development of bone erosive diseases, including osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontitis. Osteoclasts,
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Excessive bone resorption plays a central role on the development of bone erosive diseases, including osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontitis. Osteoclasts, bone-resorbing multinucleated cells, are differentiated from hemopoietic progenitors of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. Regulation of osteoclast differentiation is considered an effective therapeutic target to the treatment of pathological bone loss. Natural plant-derived products, with potential therapeutic and preventive activities against bone-lytic diseases, have received increasing attention in recent years because of their whole regulative effects and specific pharmacological activities, which are more suitable for long-term use than chemically synthesized medicines. In this review, we summarized the detailed research progress on the active compounds derived from medical plants with potential anti-resorptive effects and their molecular mechanisms on inhibiting osteoclast formation and function. The active ingredients derived from natural plants that are efficacious in suppressing osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption include flavonoids, terpenoids (sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, triterpenoids), glycosides, lignans, coumarins, alkaloids, polyphenols, limonoids, quinones and others (steroid, oxoxishhone, fatty acid). Studies have shown that above natural products exert the inhibitory effects via regulating many factors involved in the process of osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption, including the essential cytokines (RANKL, M-CSF), transcription factors (NFATc1, c-Fos), signaling pathways (NF- kappa;B, MAPKs, Src/PI3K/Akt, the calcium ion signaling), osteoclast-specific genes (TRAP, CTSK, MMP-9, integrin beta;3, OSCAR, DC-STAMP, Atp6v0d2) and local factors (ROS, LPS, NO). The development of osteoclast-targeting natural products is of great value for the prevention or treatment of bone diseases and for bone regenerative medicine.
- Natural Products as Source of Therapeutics against Parasitic Diseases
- Hertweck, Christian | Angewandte Chemie. international edition (v.54 / no.49 / pp.14622-14624 / 20151433-7851)
- An end to suffering : Parasitic infections with protozoa and worms cause unimaginable misery, in particular in the tropics. Fortunately, natural products, such as the an
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An end to suffering : Parasitic infections with protozoa and worms cause unimaginable misery, in particular in the tropics. Fortunately, natural products, such as the antimalarial artemisinin ( 1 ) and the anthelmintic avermectin ( 2 ) were discovered and developed into therapeutics. These major achievements now culminated in the 2015 Nobel Prize for Medicine.
- Soluble expression and enzymatic activity evaluation of protease from reticuloendotheliosis virus
- Hu, F., Zhao, Y., Qi, X., Cui, H., Gao, Y., Gao, H., Liu, C., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, K., Wang, X., Wang, Y. | Protein expression and purification (v.114 / pp.64-70 / 20151046-5928)
- The protease (PR) encoded by most retroviruses is deeply involved in the lifecycle and infection process of retroviruses by possessing the specificity necessary to correc
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The protease (PR) encoded by most retroviruses is deeply involved in the lifecycle and infection process of retroviruses by possessing the specificity necessary to correctly cleave the viral polyproteins and host cell proteins. However, as an important representative of avian retroviruses, the enzymatic properties of PR from reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) have not been clearly documented. The recombinant PR, its mutant fused with a His-tag, and its substrate p18-p30 fused with a GST-tag were expressed in the Escherichia coli system as soluble enzymes. The soluble PR and p18-p30 were purified using Ni-NTA His Bind Resin and Glutathione Sepharose 4B, respectively. The enzymatic activity of PR was analyzed using the substrate of p18-p30. The expressed prokaryotic protease has enzyme activity that is dependent on such conditions as temperature, pH, and ions, and its activity can be inhibited by caspase inhibitor and the divalent metal ions Ca 2+ and Ni 2+ . In addition, the key role of the residue Thr (amino acids 28) for the enzymatic activity of PR was identified. Furthermore, the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK was confirmed to inhibit the PR enzymatic activity of REV. For the first time, the PR of REV was expressed in the soluble form, and the optimal enzymatic reaction system in vitro was developed and preliminarily used. This study provides essential tools and information for further understanding the infection mechanism of REV and for the development of antiviral drugs treating retroviruses.
- Cultural-based biases of the GAD-7
- | Journal of anxiety disorders (v.31 / pp.38-42 / 20150887-6185)
- The GAD-7 is a popular measure of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms that has been used across many cultural groups. Existing evidence demonstrates that the prev
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The GAD-7 is a popular measure of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms that has been used across many cultural groups. Existing evidence demonstrates that the prevalence of GAD varies across self-identified ethnic/cultural groups, a phenomenon that some researchers attribute to cross-cultural measurement error rather than to actual differences in rates of GAD. Nonetheless, the effect of culture on factor structure and response patterns to the GAD-7 have not been examined and could result over- or under-estimated GAD-7 scores across different cultural groups. The current investigation assessed the factor structure of the GAD-7 in White/Caucasian, Hispanic, and Black/African American undergraduates and tested for cultural-based biases. A modified one-factor model exhibited good fit across subsamples. Results revealed that Black/African American participants with high GAD symptoms scored lower on the GAD-7 than other participants with similar GAD symptoms. Results highlight the need for culturally sensitive GAD screening tools.
- Chloride helps collagen build its network
- Short, Ben | The Journal of cell biology (v.213 / no.4 / pp.404-404 / 20160021-9525)
- Extracellular chloride triggers the assembly of collagen IV networks in basement membranes.
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Extracellular chloride triggers the assembly of collagen IV networks in basement membranes.
- Azeotropic Preparation of a C-Phenyl N-Aryl Imine: An Introductory Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Laboratory Experiment
- Silverberg, Lee J., Coyle, David J., Cannon, Kevin C., Mathers, Robert T., Richards, Jeffrey A., Tierney, John | Journal of chemical education (v.93 / no.5 / pp.941-944 / 20160021-9584)
- Imines are important in biological chemistry and as intermediates in organic synthesis. An experiment for introductory undergraduate organic chemistry is presented in whi
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Imines are important in biological chemistry and as intermediates in organic synthesis. An experiment for introductory undergraduate organic chemistry is presented in which benzaldehyde was condensed with p -methoxyaniline in toluene to give 4-methoxy- N -(phenylmethylene)benzenamine. Water was removed by azeotropic distillation using a Dean ndash;Stark trap. The reaction was readily performed in one 3 h laboratory period, gave a crystalline product, and was easily followed visually by the amount of water collected. It demonstrated important concepts from second-year undergraduate organic chemistry, including equilibrium processes, condensation reactions, and imine formation. The experiment also gave students exposure to important laboratory techniques including azeotropic distillation, use of a water trap, and mixed-solvent recrystallization. Graphic Abstract ACS Electronic Supporting Info
- Imagination in human social cognition, autism, and psychotic-affective conditions
- Crespi, B., Leach, E., Dinsdale, N., Mokkonen, M., Hurd, P. | Cognition (v.150 / pp.181-199 / 20160010-0277)
- Complex human social cognition has evolved in concert with risks for psychiatric disorders. Recently, autism and psychotic-affective conditions (mainly schizophrenia, bip
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Complex human social cognition has evolved in concert with risks for psychiatric disorders. Recently, autism and psychotic-affective conditions (mainly schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression) have been posited as psychological 'opposites' with regard to social-cognitive phenotypes. Imagination, considered as 'forming new ideas, mental images, or concepts', represents a central facet of human social evolution and cognition. Previous studies have documented reduced imagination in autism, and increased imagination in association with psychotic-affective conditions, yet these sets of findings have yet to be considered together, or evaluated in the context of the diametric model. We first review studies of the components, manifestations, and neural correlates of imagination in autism and psychotic-affective conditions. Next, we use data on dimensional autism in healthy populations to test the hypotheses that: (1) imagination represents the facet of autism that best accounts for its strongly male-biased sex ratio, and (2) higher genetic risk of schizophrenia is associated with higher imagination, in accordance with the predictions of the diametric model. The first hypothesis was supported by a systematic review and meta-analysis showing that Imagination exhibits the strongest male bias of all Autism Quotient (AQ) subscales, in non-clinical populations. The second hypothesis was supported, for males, by associations between schizophrenia genetic risk scores, derived from a set of single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and the AQ Imagination subscale. Considered together, these findings indicate that imagination, especially social imagination as embodied in the default mode human brain network, mediates risk and diametric dimensional phenotypes of autism and psychotic-affective conditions.
- Cinematic homecomings: exile and return in transnational cinema
- Hamilton, Emma | Historical journal of film, radio, and television (v.35 / no.4 / pp.677-678 / 20150143-9685)
- By bringing a synchronic extrapolation of certain properties of cinema and the phonograph into contact with a diachronic survey of their institutional behavior as realist
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- Community rescue in experimental metacommunities
- Low-De #x0301, carie, Etienne, Kolber, Marcus, Homme, Paige, Lofano, Andrea, Dumbrell, Alex, Gonzalez, Andrew, Bell, Graham | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (v.112 / no.46 / pp.14307-14312 / 20150027-8424)
- Significance Global environmental change is challenging the adaptive capacity of entire ecological communities. Community rescue occurs when populations within a communi
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Significance Global environmental change is challenging the adaptive capacity of entire ecological communities. Community rescue occurs when populations within a community evolve in response to an environmental stress that was initially lethal to all the constituent organisms. We studied how communities of soil microbes can extend the area they occupy to include conditions that were initially lethal, and how these communities can persist despite the degradation of environmental conditions. Our results suggest that entire communities have the potential to adapt to severe environmental stress. Community rescue is promoted by the initial diversity in the community, is more frequent among communities that have previously experienced intermediate sublethal levels of stress, and is facilitated by the dispersal of organisms across the landscape. The conditions that allow biodiversity to recover following severe environmental degradation are poorly understood. We studied community rescue, the recovery of a viable community through the evolutionary rescue of many populations within an evolving community, in metacommunities of soil microbes adapting to a herbicide. The metacommunities occupied a landscape of crossed spatial gradients of the herbicide (Dalapon) and a resource (glucose), whereas their constituent communities were either isolated or connected by dispersal. The spread of adapted communities across the landscape and the persistence of communities when that landscape was degraded were strongly promoted by dispersal, and the capacity to adapt to lethal stress was also related to community size and initial diversity. After abrupt and lethal stress, community rescue was most frequent in communities that had previously experienced sublethal levels of stress and had been connected by dispersal. Community rescue occurred through the evolutionary rescue of both initially common taxa, which remained common, and of initially rare taxa, which grew to dominate the evolved community. Community rescue may allow productivity and biodiversity to recover from severe environmental degradation.
- Senior alert: a quality registry to support a standardized, structured, and systematic preventive care process for older adults.
- Edvinsson, Joakim, Rahm, Magnus, Trinks, Anna, H?glund, P?r J | Quality management in health care (v.24 / no.2 / pp.96-101 / 20151063-8628)
- The average life expectancy and the proportion of the elderly in the Western countries are increasing. The care processes used for the elderly are known to differ between
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The average life expectancy and the proportion of the elderly in the Western countries are increasing. The care processes used for the elderly are known to differ between the care providers in Sweden. Accordingly, the need to develop a system to support the processes in order to attain a standardized, structured, and systematic approach to improve preventive care processes for the elderly has been called for. The County Council of J?nk?ping developed a national Web-based quality registry, Senior Alert, with a focus on the following areas: falls, pressure ulcers, malnutrition, and oral health. The patients are evaluated using validated risk assessment instruments, and the care is planned, executed, evaluated. The registry supports the users to work with preventive care systematically and in a standardized way and provides feedback to the care providers on their preventive care processes. The registry helps the caregivers fulfill the preventive care according to the best available clinical knowledge and practice. The registry also provides the government and health care politicians with data for setting aims for elderly care. The registry is used in 90% of the municipalities and county councils throughout the country. The total number of risk assessments completed from 2009 to 2014 exceeded 1 000 000.
- Semi-crystalline diblock copolymer nano-objects prepared via RAFT alcoholic dispersion polymerization of stearyl methacrylate
- Semsarilar, M., Penfold, N. W., Jones, E., Armes, S. | Polymer chemistry (v.6 / no.10 / pp.1751-1757 / 20151759-9954)
- A series of poly(oligooxyethyleneoxy-1,2-phenylene)s having the formula [graphic omitted] where n = 2, 3 and 5, have been synthesised with molecular weights of ca. 1
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- Comparison of voiding mechanisms in semi-crystalline polyamide 6 during tensile and creep tests
- Selles, N., Nguyen, F., Morgeneyer, T.F., Proudhon, H., Ludwig, W., Laiarinandrasana, L. | Polymer testing (v.49 / pp.137-146 / 20160142-9418)
- Behaviour of a semi-crystalline polymer, polyamide 6, described by loading curves, as well as necking and whitening phenomena, is related to its micro-structural evolutio
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Behaviour of a semi-crystalline polymer, polyamide 6, described by loading curves, as well as necking and whitening phenomena, is related to its micro-structural evolution in terms of void morphology and distribution during both tensile and creep tests. Notched bars have been subjected to creep tests interrupted at the onset of the tertiary creep stage and at the onset of final rupture. Inspections of these specimens using Synchrotron Radiation Tomography have been coupled with statistical image analysis treatment to obtain spatial distributions of void length and void volume fraction. Cavitation mechanisms observed and quantified during creep and tensile tests were similar: from penny shaped voids (diameter larger than height) perpendicular to the drawing direction to cylindrical voids (diameter equal to the height) arranged in columns during the neck extension. The void volume fraction distributions along radial and axial directions presented an inverted parabolic profile with a maximum located at the centre of the sample.
- The role of the Kantian imagination in realization-focused comparison
- Cornell, Drucilla | Philosophy social criticism (v.41 / no.1 / pp.21-28 / 20150191-4537)
- In this article I review Amaryta Sen #x2019;s powerful critique of transcendental institutionalism and his own #x2018;realization-focused comparison #x2019; as an altern
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In this article I review Amaryta Sen #x2019;s powerful critique of transcendental institutionalism and his own #x2018;realization-focused comparison #x2019; as an alternative way to think about justice. While deeply sympathetic with his critique of John Rawls I also argue that the role of the Kantian imagination is extremely important in figuring ideals of justice, which must guide #x2018;realization-focused comparison #x2019;. To do so I turn to Kant #x2019;s Critique of Judgment and his development of what he calls #x2018;aesthetic ideas #x2019; as ways of representing the great ideals such as freedom and equality, which can be aesthetically represented but never fully known.
- WTO dispute settlement and the study of compliance
- Elsig, Manfred | Journal of international trade law policy (v.14 / no.3 / pp.112-115 / 20151477-0024)
- Purpose ndash; The purpose of this research note is to draw on the concept of compliance as developed in international relations theory to point to future avenues of re
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Purpose ndash; The purpose of this research note is to draw on the concept of compliance as developed in international relations theory to point to future avenues of research. It is widely understood that the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system has worked well in the past 20 years. Surprisingly, however, systematic research on compliance with WTO law is still in its infancy. Design/methodology/approach ndash; The research note draws a distinction between first-order and second-order compliance and discusses limitations of existing work and possible ways forward. Findings ndash; This note suggests that more work, both conceptually as well as empirically, needs to be carried out. Originality/value ndash; Very little systematic research has been carried out on compliance with WTO law.
- Community care reaches out for the mobile moment
- Wallace, Simon | Clinical governance: an international journal (v.20 / no.3 / pp.123-133 / 20151477-7274)
- Purpose ndash; The purpose of this paper is to explore the quite extraordinary way the phenomena of mobile communication has gripped our society and the opportunities t
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Purpose ndash; The purpose of this paper is to explore the quite extraordinary way the phenomena of mobile communication has gripped our society and the opportunities this provides for healthcare. Design/methodology/approach ndash; It describes the ticking public health time bomb surrounding long term conditions and dementia and the need to radically overhaul how community services are delivered. It dissects the opportunities and challenges of providing a mobile health and social care service in the community and explores what a mobile moment means for these professionals. Findings ndash; It stresses that the answer is NOT to simply provide an organisation rsquo;s IT back-office environment in the field and describes the concept of a dedicated organisation app platform tailored to meet this need. Originality/value ndash; The paper concludes by reviewing recent evidence about the benefits and opportunities for health and social care organisations to embrace mobile working.
- A new PAMPA model proposed on the basis of a synthetic phospholipid membrane.
- Yu, Hui, Wang, Qi, Sun, Ying, Shen, Ming, Li, He, Duan, Yourong | PloS one (v.10 / no.2 / pp.0116502 / 2015)
- The purpose of this work was to investigate the synthetic phospholipid dependence of permeability measured by parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) meth
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The purpose of this work was to investigate the synthetic phospholipid dependence of permeability measured by parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) method. Three phospholipids with hydrophobic groups of different lengths and phosphorylcholine as the hydrophilic group were concisely synthesized. Ten model drug molecules were selected because of their distinct human fraction absorbed (%FA) values and various pKa characteristics. In vitro drug permeation experiments were designed to determine the effect of the incubation time (4-20 h), pH gradient (4.6-9.32) and carbon chain length (8, 10, 12) on the drug permeability through the synthetic phospholipid membrane in the PAMPA system. The results showed that intensive and significant synthetic phospholipids dependence of permeability influenced by the length of lipid #039;s hydrophobic carbon chain. The effective permeability constant (Pe) of each drug increased rapidly with time, then decreased slightly after reaching the maximum; the pH gradient changed the drug permeability according to the pH-partition hypothesis for drugs with diverse pKa values; and longer hydrophobic chains in the synthetic phospholipid membrane improved the drug permeability, as observed for all test drugs at almost all incubation time points. This newly proposed PAMPA model considered the synthetic phospholipid membrane and showed good Pe-%FA correlation for the passive transport of drugs, making it a helpful supplementary method for PAMPA systems.
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